2F - Introduction to Medical Parasitology

Question 1

symbionts

Answer 1

organisms living together

Question 2

symbiosis

Answer 2

association/relationship of two or more organisms living together

Question 3

mutualism

Answer 3

both host and organism benefit from one another

Question 4

commensalism

Answer 4

one organism benefits but there is not beneficial or harmful effect to the host

Question 5

parasitism

Answer 5

one species (microbe) benefits at the expense of the other (host)

Question 6

parasite

Answer 6

living organism that takes nourishment and other needs through contact with another species

Question 7

host

Answer 7

organism that supports parasite, and may later develop disease

Question 8

medical parasitology

Answer 8

human parasitology, studying parasites on the human body

Question 9

ectoparasites

Answer 9

parasitic organisms that live on the outer surface of its host (INFESTATION)

habitat

Question 10

endoparasites

Answer 10

parasitic organisms that live inside the body of
adapting to it if placed on a host (INFECTION)

habitat

Question 11

obligate parasite

Answer 11

completely dependent on the host during a segment or all of its life cycle

need for host

Question 12

facultative parasite

Answer 12

exhibits both parasitic and non-parasitic modes, does not absolutely depend on the parasitic way of life, but is capable of adapting if placed on a host

Question 13

accidental/incidental parasite

Answer 13

parasite attacks an unnatural host and survives but may or may not complete life cycle

Question 14

erratic parasite

Answer 14

parasite that wanders into an organ in which it is not usually found

Question 15

intermittent or temporary parasite

Answer 15

those that only visit the host from time to time for feeding

Question 16

permanent parasite

Answer 16

remains on the host for life

Question 17

spurious parasite

Answer 17

organisms that have been swallowed and passed through the alimentary tract without causing any effect

Question 18

hyperparasite

Answer 18

parasites that parasitizes another parasite

Question 19

definitive host

Answer 19

harbors a parasite in the adult stage or where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction

Question 20

intermediate host

Answer 20

harbors the larval stages of the parasite or an asexual
cycle of development takes place

Question 21

paratenic host

Answer 21

temporary refuge of vehicle for reaching an obligatory host, usually the definitive host, NOT necessary for the completion of life cycle

Question 22

reservoir host

Answer 22

makes the parasite available for the transmission, usually not affected by the infection

Question 23

natural host

Answer 23

naturally infected with certain species of parasite

Question 24

accidental host

Answer 24

under normal circumstances not infected with the parasites

Question 25

trophozoite

Answer 25

moving & feeding and multiplying stage, multiply asexually

Question 26

cyst

Answer 26

survives well in the environment, infective to humans

Question 27

infective stage

Answer 27

initiate an infection to its host

Question 28

diagnostic stage

Answer 28

exits the definitive host

Question 29

direct life cycle

Answer 29

does not require an intermediate host to complete its life cycle

Question 30

indirect life cycle

Answer 30

requires an intermediate host to complete its life cycle

Question 31

autoinfection

Answer 31

infected individual becomes own direct source of infection

Question 32

vehicle

Answer 32

fomites, non-living entities

Question 33

vector

Answer 33

living entities

Question 34

biological vector

Answer 34

transports pathogens plus play a role in the life cycle of pathogen

Question 35

mechanical vector

Answer 35

organism that only transports a pathogen

Question 36

per oral

Answer 36

contaminated food and water most common source (cestodes, trematodes, intestinal protozoans)

Question 37

percutaneous

Answer 37

skin penetration hookworm, strongyloides, schistosoma

Question 38

arthropod vector

Answer 38

malaria (MOSQUITO), filaria (MOSQUITO), trypanosoma (SLEEPING SICKNESS), leishmania (SANDFLY)

Question 39

congenital transmission

Answer 39

toxoplasma (transplacental)

Question 40

inhalation of airborne eggs

Answer 40

enterobius spp

Question 41

sexual intercourse

Answer 41

trichomonas vaginalis

Question 42

blood-borne

Answer 42

malari

Question 43

mechanical injury

Answer 43

may be inflicted by a parasite by means of pressure as it grows larger direct effect

Question 44

enzymatic interference

Answer 44

digest cellular material direct effect

Question 45

invasion and destruction

Answer 45

ex.) invades RBC → RBC rupture direct effect

Question 46

nutrient deprivation

Answer 46

ex.) D. latum competes with host Vit B12 supply → megaloblastic anemia direct effect

Question 47

indirect effects

Answer 47

excessive increase of parasites cause tissue damage in man → immunological response of the host

Question 48

helminths

Answer 48

multicellular

Question 49

platyhelminths

Answer 49

flatworms Trematoda (Flukes; flat & unsegmented) Cestoda (Tapeworms: flat & segmented)

Question 50

nemahelminths

Answer 50

Nematoda (Roundworms)

Question 51

protozoa

Answer 51

unicellular

Question 52

sporozoa

Answer 52

apical structure for burrowing, all intracellular parasites ex.) plasmodium in RBC

Question 53

mastigophora

Answer 53

flagella as locomotory apparatus ex.) Trypanosoma spp

Question 54

sarcodina

Answer 54

pseudopods as locomotory apparatus, move by extending pseudopodia, no fixed shape ex.) Entamoeba histolytica

Question 55

ciliophora

Answer 55

move by beating of many cilia ex.) Balantidium coli