2nd Exam Flashcards

(95 cards)

1
Q

What artery carries blood to the kidneys?

A

Renal Artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 2 structures make up the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus & Bowman’s Capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structure brings blood to the renal corpuscle?

A

Afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s not filtered out in the formation of urine?

A

Red blood cells

Plasma proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does the body regulate pressure to the renal corpuscle?

A

Smooth muscle of afferent and efferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is RPF?

A

Renal Plasma Flow; vol of blood plasma delivered to the kidneys per unit time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is FF?

A

Filtration Fraction; proportion of fluid reaching the kidneys which passes into the renal tubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the typical filtration fraction? Renal plasma flow?

A
FF= 20%
RPF= 550 ml/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

RPFxFF=what?

A

GFR; glomerular filtration rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Contracting the efferent arteriole would alter which factor: RPF or FF?

A

FF, would increase glomerular pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 methods of altering RPF?

A

Increase cardiac output, dilate afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: Fenestrae are small pores and slit pores are larger pores.

A

False: Fenestrae=large, slit pores=small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: Excretion rates are less than filtration rates for most electrolytes like sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

T/F: Amino acids and glucose are completely reabsorbed from the tubules under normal conditions.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When excretion rate=filtration rate + secretion rate, what does this mean?

A

Solute is being excreted in large amounts in the urine, ex: drugs, organic acids & bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the capillary filtration coefficient? (Kf)

A

Measure of permeability and surface area of the glomerular capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Normally functioning adults should have a ___ glomerular hydrostatic pressure, and a ___ filtration coefficient.

A

High glom HP, Large filtration coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is unique about the layers of the glomerular capillary membrane?

A

3 layers instead of normal 2; (endothelium, basement membrane, and epithelial layer of podocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F: The positive charge of plasma proteins prevents it from exiting the glomerular capillary.

A

False: plasma proteins are negatively charged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The filtration barrier of glomerular capillary membrane is highly dependent on molecule __ and ____ ____.

A

molecule size and electrical charge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Albumin becomes filtered and is appearing in the urine, what is the likely cause?

A

Basement membrane lost it’s negative electrical charge and proteins were allowed to be filtered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Kf x Net filtration pressure equals what?

A

Kf (capillary filtration coefficient) x Net Filtration Pressure= Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 4 determining pressures of GFR?

A
  1. Hydrostatic Pressure of Glomerular Capillaries
  2. HP of Bowman’s Capsule
  3. Colloid Osmotic Pressure of Glom. Capillaries
  4. COP of proteins in Bowman’s Capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What pressure should be 0 if the body’s working properly?

A

Bowman’s Capsule Osmotic Pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
T/F: Osmotic pressure can also be called oncotic pressure.
True
26
Name 2 things that would decrease Kf thus decrease GFR?
1. Decr amt of functioning glomerular capillaries | 2. Incr thickness of capillaries
27
What happens to the GFR if you were to increase the pressure in the Bowman's capsule?
Decr. GFR
28
T/F: If you incr. the glomerular colloid osmotic pressure, it would decr. the GFR.
True
29
When glomerular hydrostatic pressure is __, it promotes filtration and thus increases GFR.
Increased
30
T/F: If you dilate the afferent arteriole, glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure increases.
True
31
What two things happen when you constrict the efferent arteriole?
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, | Glomerular Filtration Rate increases.
32
T/F: Manipulating the efferent arteriole is just as efficient as manipulating the afferent arteriole when it comes to changing GFR.
False: Manipulating AFFERENT much more effective, than manipulating efferent.
33
Where are the 3 places renal vascular resistance occurs?
Interlobular arteries Afferent arterioles Efferent arterioles
34
T/F: The renal cortex receives most of the blood flow into the kidney whereas the renal medulla only receives about 1-2%.
True
35
Sympathetic NS stimulation (and its hormones like epinephrine and norepinephrine) would have what effect of GFR?
Decreases GFR; try to hold onto our fluid
36
Endothelin is a vasoconstrictor released in response to injury, what would it do to GFR?
Decrease GFR
37
What 3 vasodilators would increase renal blood flow and increase GFR?
1. Prostaglandins 2. Bradykinin 3. Endothelial-derived nitric oxide
38
What is the myogenic mechanism & what is it's purpose?
Ability of individual blood vessels to resist stretching during increased arterial pressure; Protects kidneys from damage during incr. BP
39
Glomerular Filtration - Tubular Reabsorption + Tubular Secretion = what?
Urine formation
40
What is the most vital aspect of determining excretion rate?
Tubular reabsorption
41
T/F: Tubular reabsorption is highly selective and glomerular filtration is non-selective.
True
42
T/F: Tubular reabsorption is both an active and passive process.
True
43
What is ultrafiltration?
Water and solutes moving in bulk flow thru the peritubular capillary wall into the blood
44
What are the 2 types of active transport?
Primary-coupled w/ hydrolysis of ATP | Secondary-coupled indirectly to the energy source
45
Na-K ATPase pump is an example of which active transport: primary or secondary?
Primary
46
T/F: Water is always absorbed via the passive mechanism called osmosis.
True
47
Sodium Glucose co-transporters (SGLT1 & SGLT2) are located where?
SGLT2-early part of proximal tubule (90% of glucose reabsorption) SGLT1-later part of proximal tubule (remaining 10%)
48
What is a transport maximum?
The limit to the rate at which a solute can be transported during active reabsorption or secretion.
49
T/F: Sodium and glucose do not have transport maximums.
False: Sodium does NOT. | Glucose does!
50
T/F: Sodium transport in the proximal tubules obey gradient time transport principles.
True (meaning higher concentration of Na, more reabsorption or slower flow rate-->more Na reabsorbed.)
51
T/F: Almost all creatinine filtered at the glomerulus is excreted.
True
52
Where is the majority of water and sodium reabsorbed: Proximal tubule, Descending limb, Ascending limb, or Distal tubule?
Proximal Tubule (65% reabsorbed)
53
What 4 things are rapidly reabsorbed in the first half of the proximal tubule?
Sodium, glucose, amino acids, water
54
What sort of things are secreted into the tubules?
Organic acids & bases, drugs, toxins
55
What are the 3 parts of the Loop of Henle?
1. Thin descending limb 2. Thin ascending segment 3. Thick ascending segment
56
20% of water is reabsorbed in what part of the Loop of Henle?
Thin descending limb
57
What is occurring in the thick ascending segment of the Loop of Henle?
Active reabsorption of Na, Cl, & K
58
The Na-H counter-transport mechanism is found where and what does it do?
Thick ascending segment; sodium reabsorbed and hydrogen secreted.
59
Which part of the Loop of Henle is impermeable to water?
Thick ascending segment, (concentrates the urine as needed)
60
How is the distal tubule divided?
First portion=macula densa | Next part=diluting segment
61
What two things is the diluting segment of the distal tubule impermeable to?
Water & Urea
62
Calcium, bicarbonate and magnesium are absorbed in the __ ___ limb in the Loop of Henle.
Thick Ascending
63
What 2 cells are found in the late distal tubule and cortical collecting duct?
Principal cells & Intercalated cells
64
Principal cells are responsible for __ reabsorption and __ secretion.
Na reabsorption, K secretion
65
What is the responsibility of intercalated cells?
H secretion, bicarbonate and K reabsorption
66
What hormone controls the reabsorption of Na and the secretion of K?
Aldosterone
67
Regarding the late distal tubule and cortical collecting duct, high ADH leads to a __ permeability to water.
high
68
What 2 substances may be reabsorbed in the medullary collecting duct that is responsible for urine concentration?
Water, Urea
69
Without ADH, we would excrete ___ quantities of ___ urine.
...large quantities of dilute urine.
70
Where is aldosterone secreted from?
Zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal cortex
71
Incr extracellular K concentration--> __ angiotensin II levels, which leads to aldosterone being released.
Incr.
72
What is the function of ADH/vasopressin?
Conserve water by increasing water permeability in distal tubule and collecting duct
73
T/F: ANP inhibits reabsorption of water and sodium, increasing urinary excretion and lowering blood volume (thus lowering BP).
True
74
What effect does PTH have on tubular reabsorption?
Increases Ca reabsorption (Loop of Henle, Distal tubule) Inhibit phosphate reabsorption (proximal tubule) Increases Mg reabsorption (Loop of Henle)
75
Is angiotensin II present when there is high or low BP?
Low, increases Na and water reabsorption
76
Angiotensin II has what effect on efferent arterioles?
Constricts
77
The rate of what hormone secretion determines whether the kidneys excrete dilute or concentrated urine?
ADH
78
T/F: Osmolarity is held constant throughout the proximal tubule.
True
79
Which segment of the Loop of Henle is not permeable to water?
Thick ascending limb
80
Where does the change in osmolarity occur?
Leaving the Loop of Henle (goes from 300 mOsm/L to 200 mOsm/L)
81
What test is used to assess the concentration of urine?
Urine Specific Gravity Test
82
What does a high specific gravity indicate?
High concentration of urine
83
T/F: The range for a specific gravity test is about 1.002-1.028 g/ml.
True
84
What are the 2 basic requirements for forming a concentrated urine?
1. High level of ADH | 2. High osmolarity of the renal medullary interstitial fluid
85
What is the countercurrent mechanism useful for?
Creating a hyperosmotic renal medullary interstitial fluid
86
Osmoreceptor cells in the ___ ___ shrink causing it to fire and stimulate the __ pituitary to release ADH.
anterior hypothalamus, posterior
87
ADH affects which 3 areas to become more permeable to water?
Late distal tubule Cortical collecting tubules Medullary collecting ducts
88
What is the anteroventral region of the 3rd ventricle also referred to as?
AV3V region
89
What are cells in the AV3V region stimulated by?
Stimulated by a small increase in extracellular fluid osmolarity
90
A decrease in arterial pressure causes a(n) ___ in ADH.
increase
91
T/F: Nausea, hypoxia, and drugs all decrease ADH secretion.
False: ...increase ADH secretion
92
Is alcohol an inhibitor of ADH secretion?
Yep
93
Decreased blood volume and decreased BP has what effect on thirst?
Increases thirst
94
T/F: Gastric distention decreases thirst.
True
95
What is the obligatory urine volume loss?
The amount of urine that needs to be excreted in order to rid the body of waste products.