Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

General biology 1 > 2nd Qt > Flashcards

2nd Qt Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy defined as?

A

The ability to do work or bring about a change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is potential energy?

A

A stored energy whose capacity to accomplish work is not being used at the moment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the first law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the second law of thermodynamics state?

A

Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is entropy?

A

Indicates the relative amount of disorganization; the universe moves in the direction of greater entropy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

The common energy currency of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the components of ATP?

A
  • Nitrogen-containing base adenine
  • 5-carbon sugar ribose
  • Three phosphate groups
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the significance of the three phosphates of ATP?

A

They repel each other due to negative charge, creating instability and potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The transfer of a phosphate group to a molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What characterizes an exergonic reaction?

A

Energy is released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What characterizes an endergonic reaction?

A

Energy is absorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a coupling reaction?

A

The use of an exergonic reaction to fuel an endergonic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ATP-ADP cycle?

A

The process by which ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts?

A

Site for photosynthesis in plants and algae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that can produce their own food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that eat other plants or animals for energy and nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What occurs during photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is transformed into chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the structures of chloroplasts?

A
  • Outer Membrane
  • Inner Membrane
  • Stroma
  • Thylakoid
  • Granum/Grana
  • Lumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of pigments in plants?

A

Substances that have color resulting from selective absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of splitting a chemical compound by means of light energy is called _______.

A

Photolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the electron transport chain?

A

A series of protein complexes found in the thylakoid membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Movement of ions from higher to lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the stages of the light-dependent reaction?

A
  • Excitation of photosystems and photolysis of water
  • Generation of ATP by electron transport chain
  • Formation of NADPH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is carbon fixation?
The process by which inorganic carbon from the atmosphere is assimilated into living organisms
26
What is RuBisCo?
A plant enzyme that catalyzes the fixation of atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis
27
What is the Calvin cycle?
Chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose
28
What are the phases of the Calvin cycle?
* Carbon Fixation * Reduction * Regeneration of RuBP
29
What is the primary product of the Calvin cycle?
Glucose
30
What is cellular respiration?
A process that involves the oxidation and reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP
31
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
32
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
A chemical process that requires oxygen to produce ATP
33
What is the process that involves the oxidation and reduction of molecules to produce energy in the form of ATP?
Aerobic Cellular Respiration ## Footnote This process occurs in the mitochondrion.
34
What are the reactants in aerobic cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ## Footnote Glucose and oxygen are the primary reactants.
35
What are the products of aerobic cellular respiration?
6CO2 + 6H2O ## Footnote Carbon dioxide and water are the main products.
36
What is the first stage of aerobic cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
37
What is the chemical process that occurs in glycolysis?
Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate molecules
38
What is the main purpose of the Krebs Cycle?
To produce NADH, FADH2, GTP, and release CO2
39
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
40
What does the term 'oxidation' refer to in cellular respiration?
Loss of electrons
41
What does the term 'reduction' refer to in cellular respiration?
Gain of electrons
42
What is the initial product formed in the Krebs Cycle?
Citric acid
43
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6 phosphate in glycolysis?
Hexokinase
44
Fill in the blank: The Krebs Cycle is also known as the _______.
Citric Acid Cycle
45
What are the parts of the mitochondria involved in cellular respiration?
* Outer membrane * Inner membrane * Cristae * Intermembrane * Matrix
46
What is the role of the inner membrane of the mitochondria?
Contains proteins involved in the electron transport chain and ATP synthase
47
What is produced during glycolysis?
* 2 ATP * 2 NADH * 2 pyruvate
48
What is the main function of the electron transport chain?
To transfer high-energy electrons and pump hydrogen ions
49
True or False: Anaerobic cellular respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen.
False
50
What type of fermentation occurs in our muscle cells during strenuous activity?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
51
What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
Oxygen (O2)
52
What is the overall reaction of the Krebs Cycle?
2 acetyl CoA + 6 NAD+ + 2 FAD + 2 ADP + 2 Pi -> 4 CO2 + 2 CoA + 6 NADH + 2 FADH2 + 2 GTP
53
What are the two types of fermentation?
* Lactic Acid Fermentation * Alcoholic Fermentation
54
What is the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of acetyl-CoA to citrate?
Citrate synthase
55
Fill in the blank: The enzyme that converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde in alcoholic fermentation is _______.
Pyruvate decarboxylase
56
What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?
2 ATP
57
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
* Ethanol * Carbon dioxide * NAD+
58
What happens to NADH during fermentation?
It is oxidized to NAD+
59
What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?
To synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
60
What is the primary product of alcoholic fermentation?
Ethanol ## Footnote Alcoholic fermentation converts pyruvate molecules to ethanol.
61
What process do pyruvate molecules undergo to form acetaldehyde?
Decarboxylation ## Footnote This process is facilitated by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.
62
Which enzyme is responsible for converting pyruvate to acetaldehyde?
Pyruvate decarboxylase ## Footnote This enzyme acts during the first step of alcoholic fermentation.
63
What coenzyme is involved in the first step of alcoholic fermentation?
Thiamine pyrophosphate ## Footnote This coenzyme assists the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase.
64
What occurs in step 2 of alcoholic fermentation?
Acetaldehyde is reduced to ethanol ## Footnote This process involves the addition of a hydride group from NADH.
65
Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol?
Alcohol dehydrogenase ## Footnote This enzyme facilitates the reduction of acetaldehyde in the second step.
66
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation?
* Ethanol * NAD+ * CO2 ## Footnote Each process produces 2 molecules of these products.
67
What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?
* Lactate * NAD+ ## Footnote Lactic acid fermentation also produces 2 molecules of NAD+.
68
Fill in the blank: Alcoholic fermentation is used in _______.
Baking bread, winemaking ## Footnote This fermentation process is key in both baking and winemaking.
69
True or False: Alcoholic fermentation produces CO2.
True ## Footnote CO2 is a byproduct of alcoholic fermentation.
70
List two applications of lactic acid fermentation.
* Cheese production * Yogurt production ## Footnote These processes utilize lactic acid fermentation as a key step.

General biology 1 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions