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1
Q

What are the main 3 components of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

(Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain)

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2
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Regulates involuntary processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, maintaining homeostasis.

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3
Q

Define what a gyrus and sulcus are and describe their functions.

A

Gyri and sulci increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex, allowing for more neurons and enhancing cognitive capabilities.

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4
Q

Give an everyday example of the cerebellum in use and explain your answer.

A

Learning to play an instrument where the cerebellum helps fine-tune movements for precise playing.

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5
Q

Explain the purpose of the amygdala within the limbic system?

A

The amygdala processes emotions, especially fear, and helps detect threats and form emotional memories.

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6
Q

Explain the difference between the pre-central gyrus and the postcentral gyrus?

A

Pre-central gyrus is for movement (motor control); postcentral gyrus is for sensation (touch and body awareness).

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7
Q

Explain the specific functions of the Autonomic nervous system.

A

It controls and regulates unconscious bodily functions like heart rate, digestion, and breathing.

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8
Q

What parts of the brain can make humans gain flexibility of behaviour?

A

A large cortex allows humans to gain flexibility of behaviour.

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9
Q

What does the hypothalamus regulate within the body?

A

Autonomic system, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature

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10
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

It is responsible for executive functions, voluntary movement, and expressive language.

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11
Q

Briefly describe a cortical homunculus.

A

The cortical homunculus is a neurological map.

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12
Q

What is the difference between an afferent and an efferent nerve?

A

Afferent nerves carry sensory information to the CNS; efferent nerves carry motor commands from the CNS.

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13
Q

What is one function of the Medulla?

A

Regulation of heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration.

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14
Q

Give a brief description of the frontal lobe and its function.

A

The frontal lobe is the most anterior part of the cerebral hemispheres, responsible for cognitive functions.

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15
Q

Explain the function and role of the frontal lobe.

A

The frontal lobe controls cognitive functions such as planning and decision making.

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16
Q

Briefly describe the function and role of the Pons.

A

The Pons regulates arousal, relays sensory information, and is involved in sleep-wake cycles.

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17
Q

The autonomic nervous system is specifically controlled by which part of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus, with sympathetic and parasympathetic responses.

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18
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinating movement, balance, posture, learning motor skills

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19
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for controlling breathing and heart rate?

A

The brainstem, specifically the medulla oblongata.

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20
Q

Explain the function/s of the occipital lobe.

A

The occipital lobe is responsible for visual processing and perception.

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21
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

They help regulate voluntary movements and smooth movements.

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22
Q

What part of Phineas Gage’s brain was damaged during his railroad incident?

A

His frontal lobe was damaged, fundamentally changing his personality.

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23
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

The amygdala processes emotions particularly fear and anxiety, linking emotions in memory, learning

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24
Q

What is the difference between the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

A

The thalamus is a relay station for sensory information; the hypothalamus controls the autonomic nervous system.

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25
What are the functions of the Temporal Lobe?
Auditory perception, memory formation, language comprehension, and emotional processing.
26
What behavioral changes might occur if the frontal lobe is damaged?
Can lead to cognitive difficulties like planning and judgement.
27
What is the purpose of the thalamus?
To serve as a central relay station for sensory and motor information.
28
What are the characteristics of Huntington’s Disease?
Breakdown of nerve cells in brain, leading to problems in movement, thinking, and mental health
29
What are the roles and functions of the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus?
Precentral gyrus is for voluntary movements; postcentral gyrus is for sensory information.
30
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
Coordinating voluntary movements, maintaining balance and posture.
31
What is a common function of the prefrontal cortex?
Executive functions, decision making, reasoning, social behaviour
32
What is the difference between the central sulcus and the lateral sulcus?
Central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe; lateral sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the temporal lobe.
33
What is the function of the Midbrain?
Motor control, particularly eye movements and processing of vision and hearing.
34
What are the basal ganglia responsible for?
Smoothing and regulation of movement.
35
What areas do brain surgeons have to label and avoid cutting out?
The Brodmann areas, which serve specific purposes.
36
What part of the brain is shaped like a seahorse, and what is its function?
The Hippocampus; it is involved in memory formation.
37
What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?
Joins the left and right hemispheres for effective communication.
38
What are the hemispheres?
Left hemisphere is for spatial perception; right hemisphere is for language and thinking.
39
What is the function of the Central Sulcus?
It has no function; it is a landmark.
40
What is the functioning difference between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes?
Frontal lobe is for decision making; parietal lobe processes sensory information; temporal lobe is for language; occipital lobe is for vision.
41
Where in the brain is the occipital lobe located and what function does it serve?
Back of the brain, responsible for vision.
42
What is Bell's Palsy?
It is a weakness in the muscles on one half of the face.
43
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinating movement, maintaining balance and posture.
44
Which region of the brain is associated with Parkinson's Disease when damaged?
The substantia nigra, located in the midbrain.
45
Briefly describe the function and role of the cerebellum.
The cerebellum modifies motor activity in response to sensory feedback.
46
What are some neurological disorders that can occur as a result of the cranial nerves?
Bell’s Palsy and Trigeminal Neuralgia.
47
What is the main function of the occipital lobe?
Responsible for receiving and interpreting visual information.
48
What is the amygdala responsible for?
Interpreting and expressing emotions.
49
What is the effect of drugs on neurotransmitters?
Drugs can alter neurotransmitter levels and functions.
50
Briefly describe where the basal ganglia are located and their primary function.
Located deep within the cerebral hemispheres, they are primarily responsible for movement regulation.
51
What is the primary function of the Thalamus?
Central relay station for sensory and motor information.
52
What is the hypothalamus responsible for maintaining?
Regulating hormones, temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, and emotions.
53
Which of the following best describes the function of the Pons in the hindbrain?
It transmits signals between the forebrain and cerebellum and regulates sleep.
54
What structure separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?
The central sulcus.
55
What are the 4 frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex?
Occipital lobe, Parietal lobes, Temporal lobe, Frontal lobe.
56
What is the main function of the basal ganglia?
Smoothing of movements and movement sequences.
57
What are the disorders that affect the basal ganglia?
Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Foreign accent syndrome.
58
Explain the function(s) of the cerebellum.
Coordinating movement and maintaining balance and posture.
59
What is the cerebellum responsible for?
Balance, posture, and stability.
60
What are the primary functions of the pons?
Posture regulation, sensory relay, oral sensation, and nuclei for sleep.
61
State the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System.
Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System.
62
What is one of the four lobes of the cortex and what does it do?
Parietal lobe is responsible for spatial awareness and perception.
63
What is the function of the midbrain?
Visual and auditory functions.
64
What are the three main parts of the hindbrain, and what do they do?
Pons regulates posture and sensory relay; Medulla regulates vital functions; Cerebellum controls balance.
65
What does the hindbrain consist of and what are the functions of each part?
The hindbrain consists of 2 parts: the pons and the medulla. The pons relays sensory information between the cerebellum, cerebrum, and other parts of the brain. It also regulates breathing and is involved in sleep and dreaming. The medulla controls our heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate. It is also involved in our gag reflexes and swallowing.
66
What are the functions of the afferent and efferent nerves?
Afferent nerves carry information from the sense organs to the brain and spinal cord, while efferent nerves transmit information from the CNS (central nervous system) to the effectors.
67
What is the function of the cerebellum?
The cerebellum knows what each part of the body is doing. It receives information from the frontal lobes and processes it so we can perform movements such as balancing and posture. It may also play a role in learning new movement skills.
68
What are the four different lobes?
Occipital lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe.
69
What are two consequences of damage to the cerebellum?
It causes a wide stance and staggering gait, and it impairs performance of tasks requiring exact sequencing.
70
What are the 3 parts of the hindbrain and what are their functions?
Cerebellum - Motor activity, balance and coordination; Medulla - Controls vital processes like heartbeat, blood pressure, and breathing; Pons - Handles unconscious processes like sleep cycle.
71
What can damage to the primary visual cortex cause?
Scotoma - hole in vision.
72
What are the four lobes of the brain and what are their main functions?
Occipital: Receives visual input from the eyes; Temporal: Receiving area for auditory input; Frontal: Responsible for motor output and motor planning; Parietal: Important for spatial perception.
73
What is the name for the outermost layer of the meninges?
The Dura mater.
74
Where are the precentral and postcentral gyrus located, and what is the difference in their function?
The precentral gyrus is located in front of the central sulcus and sends information down the spinal cord for movement, while the postcentral gyrus is located behind the central sulcus and sends information related to pain, vibration, and temperature.
75
What is the function of the fissure?
The section of the brain that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.
76
Describe one disorder that can arise from cranial nerve damage.
Bell’s Palsy: Damage sustained to a pair of the cranial nerves; Trigeminal Neuralgia: Damage to the trigeminal nerve.
77
What happens when there is damage in the frontal lobe?
When the frontal lobe is damaged, there is a lack of response inhibition, inability to plan/have foresight, problems with initiating behavior/changing strategies, and some may appear uninvolved, depressed, and/or apathetic.
78
What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
Regulates heart rate, digestion, and blood pressure.
79
What lobe contains the primary motor area?
The frontal lobe.
80
What parts of the brain make up the hindbrain?
Pons, medulla, cerebellum.
81
What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?
Processes sensory information.
82
What is the function of the pons?
Controls the rate of involuntary respiration and other functions such as sensory roles in hearing, equilibrium, taste, facial expressions, chewing, swallowing, and the secretion of saliva and tears.
83
What are the roles of afferent and efferent nerves?
Afferent (Sensory) nerves transfer information from sensory organs to the brain and spinal cord, while Efferent (Motor) nerves transfer information from the brain and spinal cord to the effector organs (muscles of action).
84
What is the location and function of the postcentral gyrus?
d) Parietal Lobe, processing sensory information.
85
What are the primary motor areas of your cortex responsible for?
The primary motor areas of my cortex are responsible for controlling the voluntary movement of specific body parts.
86
What lobes does the lateral fissure separate?
Separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
87
What is the function of gyri within the brain?
Provide greater cognitive processing ability, particularly in higher brain functions such as language and music.
88
What disorders could cranial nerve damage result in?
Bell's Palsy, Trigeminal Neuralgia.
89
What happens when the structure, hippocampus, is damaged bilaterally?
Severe memory problems due to damage deep in the temporal lobe.
90
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
It is important for spatial awareness.
91
What are the four lobes of the cortex called and which one is responsible for receiving auditory information?
The four lobes of the cortex are called the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the frontal lobe. The lobe responsible for receiving auditory information is the temporal lobe.
92
What is the function of the temporal lobe?
The temporal lobe receives auditory information and processes it to make sense of what is heard. It also retains visual information and translates it into memory and scent recognition for olfactory memory.

Psychology (4 decks)

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