4 Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
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Question one:
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2
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What happens when the prefrontal cortex is damaged?
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3
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- If the prefrontal cortex is damaged it leads to cognitive and behavioural problems. Things such as difficulties with impulse control
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learning
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Question 2: What is the role of the prefrontal cortex in behavior?
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5
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The role of the prefrontal cortex is motor control basically helping us how we interact. It’s for decision making and cognitive behaviours
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perception
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Question 3: Define Hemiplegia?
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Hemiplegia occurs when there is damage to the primary motor cortex/precentral gyrus. The precentral gyrus is responsible for the primary motor area of the contralateral side of the body. Due to the damage
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paralysis occurs on one side of the body.
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Question 4: Why is neglect asymmetrical?
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- It is asymmetrical because while the right hemisphere of the brain controls attention to both sides
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the left hemisphere of the brain only controls attention of the right side of the space only
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Question 5: In 1940 - 1950s surgery disconnected prefrontal areas. Where was the location of which it was done? (mentioned in lecture 29)
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The area above the eye
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12
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Question 6 - What are the four “f” functions for the hypothalamus ?
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13
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- Feeding
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- Fighting
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- Fleeing
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- Fornication
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Question 7: What is prosopagnosia and what area of the brain is damaged?
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- Prosopagnosia is the where you have difficulty in recognising faces. The temporal/occipital lobes are damaged when you have prosopagnosia.
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19
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Question 8: What does damage to the primary motor cortex cause?
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20
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Answer: Hemiplegia - paralysis of one side of the body (due to damage to the contralateral motor cortex)
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21
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Question 9: Define apraxia and identify what area of the brain is damaged?
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22
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Answer: Apraxia is when there is major difficulty in initiating and controlling voluntary action — processes such as brushing your teeth
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actions such as saluting or speech production such as forming sentences. This phenomenon occurs when there is damage to the frontal lobe.
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Question 10: Describe the differences between the right hemisphere and left hemisphere of the brain?
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Question 11: Briefly describe alien hand syndrome.
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Answer: A category of conditions in which a person experiences their limbs acting seemingly on their own
without conscious control over the actions.
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Question 12: What might happen if the prefrontal cortex has been damaged?
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Answer:
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* Won’t be able to control the behaviour(deficiency in response inhibition)
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* Won’t be able for planing
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* May lead to change in people’s personalities.
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* Lead to problems with initiating behavior and the failure of changing strategies.
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Question 13: What is callosal agenesis? Where and why does this develop?
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Question 14: What causes “the split brain”?
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The refers to a condition where the corpus callosum is surgically severed.
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Question 15: What happens when there is damage to the prefrontal cortex?
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Question 16: When does ‘action potential’ occur?
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Answer: When a pulse is applied that exceeds the excitation threshold (around -55 millivolts)
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Question 17: How do the left and right hemisphere sides of the brain differ?
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Question 18: What is a condition that could arise due to permanent damage to the Pons?
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Answer: Individuals who suffer permanent damage to the Pons as a result of stroke or serious injury may experience ‘locked in syndrome’. When individuals regain consciousness after a coma
they are unable to move any of their voluntary muscles (blinking
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Question 19: What is the function of the corpus callosum?
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Answer: the primary function of the corpus callosum is to enable communication between the left and right hemispheres of the brain to allow information to be integrated and transferred across the brain.
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Question 20: What is the left hemisphere function in the split brain?
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Answer:
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* Can’t name objects or words presented in left visual field
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* Can’t name objects held in left hand
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* Can understand words in the left visual field (demonstrated by pointing)
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* Suggests that the right brain can understand but cannot speak
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Question 21: Where is the medulla oblongata positioned in the brain?
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* Between the frontal and parietal lobes
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* Between the pons and cerebellum
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* Between the left and right hemispheres
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* Between the hypothalamus and the lateral fissure
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Question 22: What is the function of the lateral fissure?
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Answer: Separate the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes
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Question 23: What can cause Scotoma and what exactly is it?
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Answer: Scotoma is caused by damage to the primary visual cortex and is representative by there being a hole in the visual field of the individual.
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Question 24: How do association areas differ from primary areas in the brain
and what implications does this have for understanding higher mental functions?
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Answer: Association areas
which comprise less than a quarter of the cortex
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Question 25: Where does the pons sit in the brain?
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Answer: The pons is the middle portion of the brain stem. It sits in the ventral part of the posterior cranial fossa
just anterior the cerebellum
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Question 26: What is the function of the Insula?
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Answer: The Insula helps you perceive internal bodily sensations like heartbeat
hunger
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Question 27: Where is the Neurotransmitter of a neuron released?
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Answer - The Axon terminal at the very end of the neuron
the NT is released into the synaptic cleft where it can be absorbed by the dendrites of the receiving neuron.
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Question 28: How do drugs NOT affect the synapse?
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Answer:
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A: inhibit neurotransmitter release from the presynaptic membrane
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B: prevent neurotransmitters from being repackaged into the synaptic membrane
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C: (Correct answer) increase the size of the synapse so that neurotransmitters take longer to get to the postsynaptic membrane.
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D: increase neurotransmitter acceptance at the postsynaptic membrane.
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Question 29- How could damage to the Prefrontal Cortex impact a person's behaviour?
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Answer- It can cause a deficiency in response inhibition and foresight. It can also cause aggression
violence and potentially engagement in criminal behaviour. On the other hand it can also make someone apathetic
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Question 30: Function of the Cranial nerves
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Answer: Control movements of and carry sensations from head and neck
regulate glandular secretions in head
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Question 31
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What are dendrites
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1. Dendrites are found below the soma
and are responsible for carrying nerve impulses along to the axon terminal.
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2. Dendrites are branch-like structures found at the top of the neuron. They are responsible for receiving signals from other neurons. - Correct Answer
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3. Dendrites are responsible for sending nerve impulses across the synapse
and controlling if these impulses should be fired off or inhibited
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4. Dendrites make up 90% of the cells in the brain
and responsible for helping newer neurons develop and acting as guidelines
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Question 32: Name the four lobes of the cortex and their functions
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Answer:
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1. Occipital lobe = processes the visual environment.
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2. Parietal lobe = important for spatial perception
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3. Temporal lobe = receiving area for auditory information
dedicated to receiving sound. Plays a role in olfaction (smell)
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4. Frontal lobe = responsible for motor output and motor planning.
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Question 33: What is hemispatial neglect
and why is it more commonly linked to right parietal lobe damage?
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Answer: Hemispatial neglect is when a person ignores one side of space
usually the left. It is more common with right parietal damage because the right brain controls attention to both sides
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question 34:
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Which brain structure is critical for integrating sensory information and self awareness
contributing to the emergence of the mind?
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Answer: the prefrontal cortex
which processes higher-order cognitive functions
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Question 35
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What part of the brain is responsible for romantic interaction?
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Answer: the caudate nucleus
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Question 36:
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What does BOLD Signal measure
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* Difference in magnetic properties between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemolglobin.
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Question 37:
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What is the main function of the cerebellum?
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* The main function of the cerebellum is to coordinate and refine your motor movements
maintain balance and posture and plays a role in motor learning.
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Question 38:
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What is split brain surgery and why is it done?
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* Split brain surgery separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain by cutting the corpus callosum. It is used to treat intractable
multifocal epilepsy.
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Question 39
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What was the name of the man that had split brain surgery in the exemplar video?
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* Wilder Penfield
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Question 40
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What happens when there is damage to the primary motor cortex?
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Damage can result in motor function defects
loss in fine motor control
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Question 41
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What are two similarities between human and animal brains?
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A:Both human and animal brains have the same basic structure
including parts like the cerebrum
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B:Both use neurons to transmit electrical signals and rely on neurotransmitters to communicate between nerve cells.
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Question 42:
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What part of the brain is responsible for auditory processing?
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* The primary auditory cortex
located in the temporal lobe
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Question 43:
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Explain how the central sulcus serves as a boundary between motor and sensory regions in the brains. How does the cerebellum complement this function in coordinating movement?
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Question 44:What part of the brain is responsible for higher level cognitive functions?
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Question 45:
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What is the importance of the occipital lobe?
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Question 46:
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Define Neglect Syndrome
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Answer: Neglect syndrome is a neurological disorder that causes an individual to ignore or overlook stimuli on one side of their body. This means people with right-sided parietal damage will neglect the left side of space (and their body)
and vice versa. Neglect syndrome can be visual
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Question 47:
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State the 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system
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* The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
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Question 48: How can damage to the prefrontal cortex cause people to behave in terms of personality?
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People with prefrontal cortex damage may appear to be uninvolved
apathetic or depressed
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Question 49:
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What is the function of the Medulla?
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Answer: The medulla is vital for life functions such as the regulation of heart beatles
heart rate and blood pressure. It also is involved in some autonomous functions such as swallowing and vomiting. In some cases of damage to the medulla
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Question 50: What did Joe have done in his brain surgery that altered how he saw things?
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Answer: He had split-brain surgery → his corpus callosum was separated from the two hemispheres
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Question 51: Where do the axons in the fornix carry signals between?
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Question 52: What part of the brain is crucial for processing somatic sensations
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Question 53: What is the role of the lateral fissure?
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Answer: The lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure) separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes. It’s important because it marks the location of the primary auditory cortex and nearby language areas like Wernicke’s area.
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Question 54: What’s the function of the midbrain?
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Answer: It controls auditory and visual stimuli as well as controls movements used in sexual behaviour and fighting.
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Question 55: Describe the functions of the cerebellum
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Answer: Coordinates movement
maintains posture and controls muscle tone
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Question 56: What causes a Hemianopia?
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Answer:The removal of a primary visual cortex on one side of the brain
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Question 57
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What is the function of the occipital lobe?
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Question 58: What is the name of the condition where a person will ignore a side of their vision?
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Answer: Neglect Syndrome
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Question 59: What substance can temporarily damage the cerebellum?
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Answer: Alcohol
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Question 60: What is the difference between a gyrus and a sulcus?
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Answer: Gyrus is a ridge on the brain that has function and a sulcus is a dip between the gyrus that has no function (*tip: sulcus are “sulky” because they have no function)
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Question 61:
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What can damage the Occipital Lobe?
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Answer: Vascular conditions
Tumors
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Question 62:
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What is the function of the thalamus?
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Answer: It is the relay station
and coordinates sensory and motor signals
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Question 63: What is the one sense that the thalamus does not recieve?
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Answer: The thalamus does not receive the olfactory sense.
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Question 64: Which part is not part of temporal lobe? a) auditory cortex b) superior temporal cortex c) hippocampus d) prefrontal cortex
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Answer : d
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Question 65: Where is the Medulla Oblongata located and what is its primary function?
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Joins pons and spinal cord essential involuntary functions vital for survival. heart rate
breathing
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Question 66:
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Question 67: What happens when there is damage to Pons area
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Answer: disorders can develop due to damage to pons area such as the Locked in Syndrome
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Question 68: What are the left and right hemispheres of the brain dominant for?
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Question 69: What does the pons do?
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The pons
a crucial part of the brainstem
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Question 70: In which part of the brain causes Neglect syndrome and what do those who experience it exhibit in their behaviour?
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Question 68:
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Explain the primary functions of the hypothalamus for the body's physiological systems?
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Question 69:
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What is the function of the frontal lobe?
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Question 70:
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What is one likely effect of damage to the corpus callosum
and why does it occur? Provide an example to support your answer.
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Question 71:
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What is the caudate nucleus and what function does it serve?
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Answer 71:
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The caudate nucleus is one of the basal ganglia
located deep in the brain near the thalamus. It coordinates voluntary skeletal movement
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Question 72:
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What is the primary function of the occipital lobe?
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The occipital lobe is primarily responsible for processing visual information.
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Question 73:
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Define the term “sensory adaptation.”
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Sensory adaptation is the reduced sensitivity to a constant or repeated stimulus over time.
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Question 74
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What is the function of the Central Sulcus
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Answer:
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It separates areas responsible for controlling movement from areas responsible for processing sensory information like touch and pain
