3 & 4 Flashcards
(58 cards)
is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and facilitate predictions.
theory
which are specific assertions and predictions that can be tested.
Hypotheses
scientific method
(1) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied
(2) collect research information (data)
(3) analyze the data
(4) draw conclusions.
describe development as primarily unconscious (beyond awareness) and heavily colored by emotion. It emphasize that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that a true understanding of development requires analyzing the symbolic meanings of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind. It also stress that early experiences with parents extensively shape development.
Psychoanalytic theories
five stages of psychosexual development:
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
recognized Freud’s contributions but believed that Freud misjudged some important dimensions of human development.
Erik Erikson
According to ____ , our basic personality is shaped during the first five years of life;
according to _____, developmental change occurs throughout the life span.
Freud
Erikson
The development of trust during infancy sets the stage for a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live.
Trust vs. MISTRUST
This stage occurs in late infancy and toddlerhood (1 to 3 years). After gaining trust in their caregivers, infants begin to discover that their behavior is their own. They start to assert their sense of independence or autonomy. They realize their will. If infants and toddlers are restrained too much or punished too harshly, they are likely to develop a sense of shame and doubt.
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
occurs during the preschool years. As preschool children encounter a widening social world, they face new challenges that require active, purposeful, responsible behavior. Feelings of guilt may arise, though, if the child is irresponsible and is made to feel too anxious
Initiative versus guilt
is Erikson’s fourth developmental stage, occurring approximately during the elementary school years. Children now need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. The negative outcome is that the child may develop a sense of feeling incompetent and unproductive
Industry versus inferiority
During the adolescent years, individuals need to find out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. This is Erikson’s fifth developmental stage, If adolescents explore roles in a healthy manner and arrive at a positive path to follow in life, then they achieve a positive identity; if they do not, identity confusion reigns.
identity versus identity confusion.
which individuals experience during early adulthood. At this time, individuals face the developmental task of forming intimate relationships. If young adults form healthy friendships and an intimate relationship with another, intimacy will be achieved; if not, isolation will result.
Intimacy vs. Isolation
final stage of development, which individuals experience late adulthood. During this stage, a person reflects on the past. If the person’s life review reveals a life well spent if not, the retrospective glances likely will yield doubt or gloom
Integrity vs. Despair
states that children go through four stages of cognitive development as they actively construct their understanding of the world.
Piaget’s theory
Two processes underlie this cognitive construction of the world:
organization and adaptation.
4 stages of Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Theory
Sensorimotor
Pre operational
Concrete Operational
Formal operational
which lasts from birth to about 2 years of age, is the first Piagetian stage. In this stage, infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with physical, motoric actions
Sensorimotor
which lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age, is Piaget’s second stage. In this stage, children begin to go beyond simply connecting sensory information with physical action and represent the world with words, images, and drawings. However, according to Piaget, preschool children still lack the ability to perform what he calls operations, which are internalized mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they previously could only do physically. For example, if you imagine putting two sticks together to see whether they would be as long as another stick, without actually moving the sticks, you are performing a concrete operation.
Pre operational
which lasts from approximately 7 to 11 years of age, is the third Piagetian stage. In this stage, children can perform operations that involve objects, and they can reason logically when the reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples. For instance, concrete operational thinkers cannot imagine the steps necessary to complete an algebraic equation, a task that is too abstract for individuals at this stage of development.
Concrete Operational
which appears between the ages of 11 and 15 and continues through adulthood. In this stage, individuals move beyond concrete experiences and begin to think in abstract and more logical terms. As part of thinking more abstractly, adolescents develop images of ideal circumstances. They begin to entertain possibilities for the future and are fascinated with what they can be. In solving problems, they become more systematic, developing hypotheses about why something is happening the way it is and then testing these hypotheses.
Formal operational
He emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development.
Lev Vygotsky
emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it.
The Information-Processing Theory
