3 & 4: Adaptation and Speciation

Question 1

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 1

offspring derive from a single parent (clonal reproduction)

Question 2

Sexual reproduction

Answer 2

two parents contribute genetic information to offspring

Question 3

Two fold cost of sex

Answer 3

asexual organisms can multiply faster than sexual organisms

Question 4

Additional costs of sex

Answer 4

requiring finding an appropriate mate, parents are less related to their own offspring, risk of contracting sexually transmitted disease

Question 5

Recombination

Answer 5

formation of new allelic combination in offspring. Occurs during meiosis like crossing between homologous chromosomes,

Question 6

Mullers Ratchet

Answer 6

Asexual:
1. The entire genome is passed along as a unit between generations
2. Deleterious mutations accumulate
3. Accumulation of deleterious mutations results in ever increasing genetic lead.

Question 7

Advantages of Sexual Repro

Answer 7

• combining favorable mutations more quickly, independent mutations can be brought together in recombinant offspring
• Faster adaptation in evolutionary arms race
• allows for faster adaption than asexual reproduction, through genetic diversity

Question 8

Sexual Selection

Answer 8

• form of natural selection that results from differences among individuals in their ability to mate or fertilize eggs
• Individuals that possess traits that help them to reproduce will be favored by sexual selection.

Question 9

Sexual Dimorphism

Answer 9

a phenotypic difference between the males and females of a population/.

Question 10

Anisogamy

Answer 10

when gametes are dissimilar Eggs tend to be larger than sperm, which means that females might need to have a different life history strategy than males to account for the energy spent on producing eggs

Question 11

Internal Fertilization

Answer 11

Sex differences in certainty of parentage

Selection favors investment in offspring when parentage is more certain (females)

Question 12

Operational Sex Ratio

Answer 12

ratio of males to females available for reproducing at any given time, determines how strong sexual selection is

Question 13

Male biased operational sex ratio

Answer 13

Males: invest in fertilizing eggs , more males than females will not be able to mate at all
Females: not limited by the ability to mate; invest in choosing good mates; producing high quality eggs and provisioning offspring

Question 14

Female biased operational sex ratio

Answer 14

Females: invest in attracting more males

Males: not limited in the ability to mate; invest in choosing high quality mates, offspring care,

Question 15

Prediction of sexual selection

Answer 15

Members of teh sex under stronger sexual selection will compete: Mating competition
Members of tyhe sex under weaker sexual selection will be choosier: mate choice

Question 16

Mating Competition

Answer 16

Members of the same sex fight with each other for the chance to mate

Question 17

Post Copulatory mating competition

Answer 17

sperm competition
- produce a lot of sperm, remove spem that already there, prevent the next male sperm from getting in.

Question 18

Mate Choice Benefits

Answer 18

Direct Benefits: territories or nests, help raising young, food, protection, reduced diseased
Indirect: good genes, arbitrary choice, combination models

Question 19

Hermaphrodites

Answer 19

organisms that play a male or female role in a sexual encounter depends on ythe relative costs and benefits

Question 20

Sexual Conflict

Answer 20

where the interests of mating partners or potiental partners are opposed

Question 21

Antagonistic coevoltion

Answer 21

traits that help female ducks increase their fitness while decreasing male fitness

Question 22

Cannibalism

Answer 22

sexual conflict that occurs between the sexes. (females eat males)

Question 23

Geographical Barriers

Answer 23

mountains, rivers, oceans

Question 24

Reproductive Barriers

Answer 24

-Mating preferences, hybrid incompatibilities
- Evolutionary divergence prevents gene flow

Question 25

Vicariance

Answer 25

formation of geographic barriers that separate population

Question 26

Prezygotic isolation

Answer 26

Ecological isolation: habitat isolation: breed in different locations and prefer different microhabitat types

Question 27

Temporal Isolation

Answer 27

species breed in different seasons or tiem of day

Question 28

Pollinator Isolation

Answer 28

-species pollinated by different organisms

Question 29

Behavioral isolation

Answer 29

species utilize a different "mate recognition system"

Question 30

Mechanical Isolation

Answer 30

species gentalia not compatible

Question 31

Gametic Isolation

Answer 31

species gametes not compatible

Question 32

Hybrid Infertility or inviability

Answer 32

hybrids have lower survival in parent habitat

Question 33

Behavioral sterility

Answer 33

- hybrids can't obtain mates

Question 34

Reinforcement

Answer 34

the increase of reproductive isolation between hybridizinf population through selection against hybridge offspring

Question 35

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 35

Species are the smallest possible groups whose members are descended form a common ancestor and who all possess characteristics that distinguish them from other groups.

Question 36

Biological Species Concept

Answer 36

- species are a group of actually or potentially interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups.

Question 37

General Lineage Species Concept

Answer 37

species that exchange alleles frequently enough that they comprise the same gene pool and the same evolutionary lineage

Question 38

Fusion

Answer 38

if divergence in allopatry results in no prezygotic or post zygotic isolation, and the geographic barrier is removed, then fusion will result