Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Evolutionary Bio > BIOEE 1780 PRELIM 1 FLASHCARDS > Flashcards

BIOEE 1780 PRELIM 1 FLASHCARDS

(114 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Fossil

A

remains or traces of once living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lagerstätten

A

storage place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Burgess Shale

A

preservation of soft tissues by rapid, burial, anoxic conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Absolute Dating

A

determining the number of years that have elapsed since an event occurred or the specific time when that event occurred

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Relative dating

A

rocks and structures are placed in chronological order, establishing the age of one thing as older or younger than another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

geologic time scale

A

contains the eras and periods within the Phanerozoic Era

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

superposition

A

in an undeformed sequence, the oldest rocks are at the bottom and the youngest rocks are at the top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

lateral continuity

A

layers continue laterally over distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

original horizontality

A

layers of the strata are deposited horizontally, or nearly horizontally and parallel or nearly parallel to the earth’s surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cross-cutting

A

any geologic feature that cross cuts across strata must have formed after the rocks they cut through were deposited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

index fossil

A

a fossil that can be used to determine the age of the strata in which it is found and to help correlate between rock units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

carbon dating

A

Parent is C-14 daughter is N-14. half life of the parent is 5,730
Effective dating range: 100- 100,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

uranium-lead dating

A

Parent isotope: U-235, Daughter Isotope: Pb-207, half life of parent: 71.3 million, effective dating range: 10 million- 4.6 billion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

potassium-argon dating

A

radiometric dating technique that uses the decay of 39K and 40Ar in potassium bearing minerals to determine the absolute age.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Precambrian and Phanerozoic Eons

A

cambrian, ordovician, silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eras and Periods within Phanerozoic

A

Paleozioc, Mesozoic, cenozoic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phylogeny

A

visual representation of the evolutionary history of populations, genes, or species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tips

A

descendents of the ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Branches

A

lineage evolving through time that connects successive speciation or other branching events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nodes

A

point in a phylogeny where a lineage splits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

internal nodes

A

node that occurs within a phylogeny and represents populations or species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

monophyletic

A

describes a group of organisms that form a clade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

clade

A

is a single branch in the tree of life, each clade represents an organism and all its descendants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

paraphyletic

A

describes a group of organisms that share a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
outgroup
group of organisms that is outside of the monophyletic group being considered.
26
taxon (taxa)
group of organisms that a taxonomist judges to be a cohesive taxonomic unit, such as a species or order.
27
MRCA
nodes indicate tge most recent common ancestor and the root is the most recent common ancestor of the whole taxa
28
character
heritable aspect of organisms that can be compared across taxa
29
synapomorphy
a trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present in all of its members (shared derived trait)
30
homoplasy
presence in multiple groups of a trait that is not inherited from the common ancestor of those groups.
31
convergent evolution
independent origin of similar traits on separate evolutionary lineages
32
evolutionary reversal
describes the reversion of a derived character state to form resembling its ancestral state
33
vestigial
trait that is less elaborate than its ancestor
34
synapomorphy
trait that arose in the ancestor of a phylogenetic group and is present in all of its members (shared derived trait)
35
closely related species
will have more similar DNA sequences
36
distantly related species
will have different DNA sequences
37
Slowly evolving characters
can show relationships between distantly related taxa
38
rapidly evolving characters
can reveal relationships between closely related taxa
39
edges
line in the tree diagram
40
cladogram
branching order or topology (length has no meaning)
41
Phylogram
cladogram with branch length that reflect the amount of evolutionary change (scaled to reflect the number of nucleotide changes in the phylogram
42
Chronogram
types of cladogram with branch lengths that are calibrated to real time; nodes indicate estimated ages of ancestors
43
Synapomorphy
indicated next to a clade in brackets
44
Saurischian Clade
contains sauropods and the theropods
45
Ornthischian dinosaurs
pubis bone points posteriorly
46
Saurischian Dinosaurs
pubis bone points anteriorly
47
Symplesiomorphy
shared ancestral character or trait, count the number of nodes
48
Critical Principle
any portion of the tree can be rotated around a node without changing teh topology of a tree
49
Paraphylyl
common pattern observed in phylogenetic forensics
50
index Case
source of outbreak
51
LUCA
52
Bacteria
are one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. Includes organisms such as E.coli and other familiar microbes
53
Archaea
one of the two prokaryotic domains of life. resembles bacteria, but they are distinguished by a number of unique biochemical features.
54
Prokaryote
microorganism lacking a cell nucleus or any other membrane bound organelles. Have two evolutionarily distinct groups, bacteria and archaea
55
Spirochetes
56
Chlamydias
small obligate parasites; unique reproductive cycle; elementary bodies and reticulate bodies; eye infections, STDs
57
Proteobacteria
E coli, Yersinia pestis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella; gave rise to mitochondria via endosymbiosis.
58
cynaobacteria
photosynthetic; gave rise to chloroplasts via endosymbiosis
59
E. coli
Bacteria and Proteobacteria
60
Stromatolite
provide physical evidence of life (fossils of bacteria from 3.7 Bya)
61
All life shares
RNA or DNA, codons for amino acids, shared biochemical pathways, membrane bound cellular organization, LUCA
62
Endosymbiosis for Mitochondria
1 original proteobacterium and one from eukaryotic cell engulfed it.
63
Endosymbiosis for Chloroplasts
have 2 membranes, one is the original cyanobacterium membrane and one is from eukaryotic cell.
64
Primary endosymbiosis
Glaucophyles, Red algae, Green Algae, land plants engulfed a cyanobacterium
65
Secondary endosymbiosis of Green Algae
gave rise to Euglenid Chloroplasts
66
Secondary endosymbiosis of Red Algae
gave rise to stramenopile and Alveolate Chloroplasts
67
Teritary Endosymbiosis
Eukaryotes with chloroplasts from secondary endosymbiosis of a red algae: dinoflagellates
68
Alveolates
Endosymbiosis: secondary, red algae Physical Traits: membrane sacs Subgroups: dinoflagellates, cilliates, paramecium, plasmodium
69
cilliates
Physical traits: covered with cilia Subgroups: Paramecium
70
Dinoflagellates
Endosymbiosis: teritary, red algae Physical traits: 2 flagella, one equatorial, one longitudinal Disease/ Ecology: Red tide, bioluminescence, symbionts of coral
71
Plasmodium
Physical traits: complex of proteins at the apical prominence Disease: malaria
72
Stramenopiles
Endo: secondary, red algae Physical traits: 2 unequal flagella, one with tubular hairs Subgroups: brown algae, blatoms
73
Brown algae
Endo: secondary, red algae Physical traits: multicellular Disease/ Ecology: kelp forests
74
Diatoms
Endosymbiosis: secondary, red algae physical traits: silica shells Exacavates: none expcept for euglends Physical traits: reduced/ lost mitochondria Disease: Trypansoma Sidegroups: Giardia, Euglenids, Trypansoma
75
Euglenids
Endo: secondary, green algae
76
trypansoma
physical traits: single, large mitochondrian Disease/ Ecology: sleeping, sickness, chagas, disease, Leishmaniasis
77
Amoebozoans
Physical traits: lope shaped, pseudopods Side groups: Amoeba, slime molds.
78
Glaucophytes
unicellular algae at the base of the plant clade
79
"Green Algae"
terrestrial land plants
80
Red algae
unicellular and multicellular- do not have chlorphyll b or starch which excludes them from green plants
81
Green Plants
82
Land Plants (Liver worts and Mosses)
83
Non vascular land plants
land plants that lack specialized vascular tissues for the conduction of water or nutrients through plant body. There are three living groups of nonvascular land plants: liver worts, horn worts, and mosses.
84
Vascular plants
large sporophyte, vascular system of phloem and xylem which transport water and nutrients and provide structural support so the plant can grow taller.
85
Lycophytes
has microphyllis and leaves with single vein. Are now small but they used to be giant trees in the carboniferous
86
Ferns
very diverse forms (trees) and habitats (desert to aquatic)
87
Seed Plants
Plants form seeds and that trait is what the synapormorphy that unites them.
88
Gymnosperms
produces haploid spores and a haploid gametophyte stage that produces haploid gamete
89
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
which fuse during fertilization and form a diploid zygote that develops into the diploid sporophyte
90
Stomata
small opnening in the plant epidermis that permits gas exchange; bounded by a [air of guard cells, the osmotic status of which regulates the size of the opening.
91
Chlorophylls a and b
92
waxy cuticle
in plants, a waxy later on the pouter body surface that retards water.
93
Alternation of generations
the succession of multicellular haploid and diploid phases in some sexually reproducing organisms, notably plants
94
haploid
having a chromosome complement consisting of just one copy of each chromosome
95
diploid
having a chromosome complement consisting of two copies of each chromosome. Designated 2n.
96
sporophyte
in plants and protists with alternation of gen, the diploid phase the produces spores.
97
spore
any asexual reproductive cell capable of developing into an adult organism without gametic fusion.
98
gametophyte
in plants and photosynthetic protists with alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid phase that produces the gametes
99
gamete
the mature sexual reproductive cell; the egg or the sperm
100
microphylls
a small leaf with a single vein, found in club mosses and their relatives
101
megaphylls
a generally large leaf of a fern, horse tail, or seedplan, with several to many veins
102
seed
a fertilized ripened ovule of a gymnosperm or angiosperm. Consists of the embryo, nutritive tissue and seed coat.
103
enclosed seed
104
naked seed
105
xylem
brings water and nutrients up from the roots
106
phloem
distrubites the products of photosynthesis
107
pollen
in seed plants, microscopic grains that contain the m,ale gametophyte and gamete
108
double fertilization
one sperm will fertilize the egg, another sperm will fuse with 2 nuclei to make a triploid (3n) endosperm
109
stamen
a male unit of a flower, composed of an anther, which bear the pollen, and a filament, which is a stalk supporting the anther
110
anther
a pollen bearing portion of the stamen of a flower
111
ovary
a female organ, in plants or animals, that produces ova.
112
fruit
A fruit derived from a single ovary
113
primary chloroplast
organelle bounded by a double membrane containing the enzymes and pigments that perform photosynthesis. Only occurs in eukaryotes
114
endosperm

Evolutionary Bio (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions