3/9 Pg 504-536

Question 1

Seven components of parenting

Answer 1

Nurturance, discipline, teaching, language, materials, monitoring, Manage

Question 2

Nurturance

Answer 2

warmth and responding to their needs and changing emotions

*Without->maybe either disengaged or inappropriately intrusive

Question 3

Discipline

Answer 3

explain the reason for punishment

Question 4

Teaching

Answer 4

child ideally involves questioning a child carefully to find out where she is coming from cognitively

Question 5

Language

Answer 5

adjusted to suit his age and situations; questions, expansions of child’s utterances and rich narrative structure

Question 6

Materials

Answer 6

foster creative play, enable a child to imagine, explore and interact more fruitfully with others

Question 7

Monitoring

Answer 7

being aware of a child’s activities throughout the day

Question 8

Manage

Answer 8

parents manage their children’s time -> give child’s life structure and regularity

Question 9

Parenting styles

Answer 9

ways in which parents engage in behaviors and have attitudes toward their children that create a particular parenting environment or climate

• > warmth and responsiveness
• > demands or control

Question 10

Diana Baumrind

Answer 10

Control and warmth

*Authoraitative, authoritarian, permissive, neglectful/uninvolved

Question 11

Authoritarian parents

Answer 11

low in warmth, high in control

• order their children around, expect compliance with no questioning or discussion
• tend to use punishment and coericon
• believed they were enforcing behavioral standards based on fundamentalist religious doctrines

Question 12

Children of authoritarian parents

Answer 12

*more dependent, lack social competence in dealing with peers; relatively withdrawn and passive; compliant to authority figures; low self-esteem, more depressed
*Boys: more hostility
Girls: lower goals for achievement
*Little opportunities for independence, self-esteem, initiative

Question 13

Permissive parents

Answer 13

high in warmth, low in control

• Few demands, highly tolerant of their children’s behaviors and desires; very sensitive to children’s emotions
• Same behavior is punished on one occasion and tolerated on the next

Question 14

Children of permissive parents

Answer 14

More immature, have trouble controlling their impulses/setting limits on themselves; less likely to accept responsibility for their own actions; act less independently problem behaviors, high self-esteem, low rates of depression, better social skills

Question 15

Authoritative parents

Answer 15

• high in both warmth and control
• “high control” is more balanced and less rigid and overbearing than that of authoritarian parents
• set guidelines, flexible, will listen to children’s concerns and needs
• positive feedback and rewards
• consistent discipline, explains reasons for punishment, requesting child make amends for transgression
• Sensitive to children’s mental states
• Encourage children’s autonomy while upholding guidelines for appropriate behavior

Question 16

Children of authoritative parents

Answer 16

• relatively independent and self-reliant, good self-control
• Boys: socially responsible
• Girls: more independent
• Having internalized standards of self-restraint and achievement

Question 17

Psychological control

Answer 17

attempting to regulate child’s behavior by manipulating his feelings

• More typical of authoritarian parents
• More depressive and anxious symptoms

Question 18

Behavioral control

Answer 18

regulate child’s behavior by setting guidelines that follow the norms and values of family

• more common among authoritative parents
• fewer negative outcomes

Question 19

Neglectful/uninvolved parents

Answer 19

ignore and not care about their children; do not interact

• a form of nonparenting
• oblivious to the child’s hopes, desires, and fears
• uninterested in monitoring child’s behaviors

Question 20

Children of neglectful/uninvolved parents

Answer 20

Especially susceptible to peer pressure; engage more often in behaviors that don’t conform to adult norms
*Girls: more likely to become involved in peer groups whose norms are clearly different from those of dominant adult culture

Question 21

Ecological systems approach

Answer 21

Urie Bronfenbrenner

• contextual factors-> children development
• family, school, culture
• consider child’s role in each of these “social ecosystem” and how that role interacts with other participants in the systems

Question 22

Child effects

Answer 22

child’s traits/behavior -> parents acting

• 125 US 3 years old and 100 Korean 3 years old
• Misbehave, less cooperative children with authoritarian parents->more control and negative coercions
• Difficult temperament children -> high levels of physical mistreatment and neglect by parents
• Parent’s perceptions -> children on purpose or not

Question 23

“Biopsychosocial” approaches

Answer 23

Biological disposition, psychological tendencies, sociocultural contexts -> increase or decrease children’s risk of some adverse outcomes

Question 24

Gender schemas

Answer 24

cognitive systems for interpreting gender-related activities and roles
*Gender bias in adults seem to be more tolerated by children than other forms of biases because there are less negative feedback when parents show gender bias

Question 25

Biological determined bias

Answer 25

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) * Higher than normal levels of masculinizing hormones * Girls with higher preferences for playing with gender-typical toys; higher preferences as teenagers for future occupations involving "thing" than involving "people" * Testosterone level in mother's blood during pregnancy * Older siblings influence gender role qualities of young siblings * Older sibilings were more influenced by parents

Question 26

Resource theory

Answer 26

the more children in the family, the less attention parents can devote to each children

Question 27

Confluence theory

Answer 27

families get larger, their average overall intellectual climate drops

Question 28

Frank Sulloway

Answer 28

Birth order -> personality trait related to rebelliousness, respect for authority, conscientiousness * First born: defend status quo, reject radical change * Later born: question and overturn traditions and norms * 700 brothers played professional baseball, younger brothers 10 times likely to attempt steal bases

Question 29

Sibling differentiation

Answer 29

children's process of seeking out activities that resonate with their abilities and also reduce their competition with older siblings *Siblings tend to get along better as they see themselves as occupying different roles in family

Question 30

Interactionalist Approach to birth order effects

Answer 30

High socioeconomic with more social capital and best opportunity of children which increase gaps between affluent and poor * Sibling spacing, birth order, sex, family size, socioeconomic, culture * South Korean invest in education for sons

Question 31

Sibling jealousy

Answer 31

Younger: reactive temperament with more jealousy Older: more jealousy if they have poor emotional understanding *Sibling conflicts: problem with peer, poor school performance, general hostility increases *Parent's training: conflict resolution and prosocial behavior

Question 32

"First child as first draft" effect

Answer 32

Parent's expectations from first born affect interactions with later born

Question 33

Nuclear families

Answer 33

consist of mother and father as heads of household, along with their children *Responsibility for child-care arrangements more often falls to the parents

Question 34

Extended families

Answer 34

reach across generations and sometimes incorporate aunts, uncles, and cousins * Provide extremely important support to parents * May encounter more disruptive transitions as grandparents age and family structure changes

Question 35

Working parents

Answer 35

Small or nonexist differences | *Nonstandard work hours with limited child-care-> delays in cognitive development

Question 36

Single-Parent Families

Answer 36

* More common in lower socioeconomic, minority group, usually single mothers * If that parent is also poor and lacks social support * child born into poverty or disadvantaged minority group -> 7 times likely to group up with single parent

Question 37

Same-sex parents

Answer 37

* Increase social acceptance of same-sex couples and marriage * No negative outcomes in cognitive, social and behavioral development * No differences in sexual preferences, gender identities, gender role behaviors

Question 38

Divorce

Answer 38

* Increase among those with fewer years of education, earlier age of marriage, less experienced at dealing conflicts * Across race, ethnicity and countries' laws * Living with parent of same sex is better * Children more likely to experience divorce as well * Parent-child relationship suffer * Explicit conflict between parents is problematic

Question 39

Internalizing problems

Answer 39

Girls within individual

Question 40

Externalizing problems

Answer 40

Boys acting out in antisocial ways and disruptive behavior

Question 41

Children of divorce

Answer 41

* Children: school performances, delinquency, depression, aggression, and health problems, behavior problems * Among younger: boys->behavioral problems especially with single mother, arrive sooner; girls-> later in adolescence, deliquent from school or excessively sexually promiscuous

Question 42

5 categories of potential effects of divorce

Answer 42

changes in self-esteem, social competence (positive assertiveness, social responsibility), academic achievement, psychopathology, and substance abuse

Question 43

Biological or genetic disposition

Answer 43

Children who were biologically related to divorced parents-> more negative effects especially self-esteem, social competence, and academic achievement

Question 44

Blended families

Answer 44

parents and all children from their current relationship as well as children from prior relationships * Children tend to have more conflicts with stepparents and less intimate relationships * Differences in relative financial contributions * Stressful environment cause shorter height * Boys have more benefits with stepfather and girls have more problems * Boys and girls have difficult relationships with stepmother due to new dominant parenting figures which children resent

Question 45

Evolutionary biology

Answer 45

Stepfather abuse stepdaughters more than 8.5 times more often *Stepparents treat stepchildren more poorly due to not passing own genes