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A&P 1 Lecture Topics > 3 b - Cell Biology Other Structures & Transport > Flashcards

3 b - Cell Biology Other Structures & Transport Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

Any cell capable of replication.

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2
Q

What is Pleuripotency?

A

The variety of cell types that a particular stem cell can make.

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3
Q

What is the development or maturation of cells taking on a final specialized form?

A

differentiation

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4
Q

When cells revert back to a less specialized form it is called ____

A

dedifferentiation

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5
Q

What are the three types of cell death?

A

apoptosis
necrosis
autolysis

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6
Q

Which cell death is considered the normal mode of death in tissue?

A

apoptosis

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7
Q

Describe necrosis

A

Uncontrolled cell death; injury

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8
Q

____ is the intential self destruction of a cell.

A

autolysis

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9
Q

____ juctions have interlocking junctional proteins

A

Interlocking

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10
Q

Interlocking cells prevent fluid and most molecules from moving between True or False

A

True

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11
Q

Anchoring junctions binding like “velcro” are called ____

A

desmosomes

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12
Q

Clusters of connexon protein channels are called ___

A

gap juctions

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13
Q

What are gap junctions used for

A

for intercellular communication

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14
Q

What are connexons

A

paired “donut” channels found in clusters (aka gap junctions)

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15
Q

___ form cytoplasmic channels between neighboring cells

A

connexon proteins

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16
Q

What does cytoskeleton provide for the cell?

A

it is the protein “skeleton” of the cell. Provides shalpe and internal organization.

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17
Q

____ are hollow tubes made of tublin used for scaffolding, transport, cell division, cilia, and flagellae.

A

microtubles

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18
Q

What are filaments made of?

A

actin

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19
Q

What is the importance of microvilli within the cytoskeleton? Are they motile?

A

Increases surface area below the plasma membrane. Nonmotile.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of centrioles?

A

to serve as a template for making cilia or flagellae.

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21
Q

Are cilia or microvilli longer?

A

cilia

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22
Q

___ are surface proteins that specifically bind chemical signal molecules and oftern activatre second messenger system which activate molecular pathways

A

Receptors

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23
Q

What is the function of immune identity tags?

A

Recoginizes cells as being “self” vs. foreign.

24
Q

___ traps microbes; usually contains antimicrobial defense molecules.

A

Mucoproteins

25
Q

___ transport net movement is along an existing concentration gradient - No ATP

A

passive transport

26
Q

Does simple diffusion involve proteins?

A

No

27
Q

Does facilitated difusion involve proteins?

A

Yes, ion channels and facilitated transporters

28
Q

Active transport is ATP dependent and moves ____ concentration gradients

A

Against

29
Q

What is the driving force of simple diffusion?

A

the concentration gradient across a membrane that causes direct movement of very small uncharged molecules

30
Q

Carrier mediated and Channel mediated are types of _____ diffusion

A

facilitated

31
Q

Osmosis is a unique property of ____

A

water

32
Q

Osmosis can use simple and facilitated diffusion T or F

A

True

33
Q

Polar molecules are transported ____ by ____ proteins

A

passively; transmembrane proteins (carriers or channels)

34
Q

what are the two types of protein channels?

A

leakage channels (ungated) and gated channels ( controlled by chemical signal or electrical charge)

35
Q

** Be able to recoginize and distinguish between symport, antiport, and uniport**

A

Uniport:
A —>

Symport:
A—>
B—>

Antiport:
A—>

36
Q

__cytosis fuses a vesicle with a membrane

A

exocytosis

37
Q

__cytosis involves pulling a vesicle or large membrane compartment out of a larger compartment.

A

endocytosis

38
Q

exocytosis is the most common mechanism of _____.

A

secretion

39
Q

___ secretion tightens a loops around a section of cytoplasm to pinch off

A

apocrine secretion

40
Q

____ secretion involve vesicles from Golgi or endocytosis and are snared and fuse in the presence of Ca++ ions

A

merocrine secretion

41
Q

___ secretion involves the entire cell and its contents and is released into ducts/passageways

A

holcrine secretion

42
Q

What is consctructed to pull in a small vesicle?

What happens once it is pulled out?

A

Clathrin coats pull in small vesicles.

Once pulled out, the clathrin proteins are disassembled and reused.

43
Q

What involves ‘Scooping” up a volume of extracellular fluid/materials and is pinched off from the membrane (phagocytosis)

A

rearrangement of the cytoskeleton

44
Q

___ uses endocytosis, clathrin proteins, vesicular trnasport and Ca++ fusion and exocytosis

A

Transcytosis

45
Q

___ are special vesicles that do not leave the cell and release digestive enxymes

A

Lysosomes

46
Q
  • Learn active transport**
    https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Sodium-Potassium-pump-which-uses-ATP-to-pump-sodium-ions-out-of-the-cell-The-hydrolysis_fig2_273751706
A

cell uses ATP to pump ions or molecules against their concentration gradient

47
Q

intestine is filled with potential pathogens. What would you put between cells to prevent a bacterium from crossing the intestinal barrier?

A

Mucus membrane

48
Q

What cytoskeletal protein structures also make up cilia?

A

Microtubules

49
Q

How are motile and nonmotilecilia structurally different?

A

Motile cilia generate nodal flow whereas nonmotile cilia sense the flow.

50
Q

Identify a cellular organelle that may function a lot like an antenna.

A

Primary cilium

51
Q

why are ion transporters important to the operation of ciliated membranes?

A

It regulates the viscosity and volume of the fulid layer – when this malfunctions contributes to cystic fibrosis

52
Q

An inflammatory protein can get into the brain, even though it is too large to be moved by a protein transporter. What process is used to carry it across the epithelial cells that line capillary vessels? __

A

Endocytosis

53
Q

one cell can send ions or small molecules to neighboring bone cells via clusters of connexin channels called ___

A

gap junctions

54
Q

What is secondary transport? How is it different from primary?

A

Secondary transport is derived from the ionic concentration gradient; primary transport establishes the ionic gradient

55
Q

what do we call the process by which a damaged red blood cell is removed by being engulfed by a white blood cell

A

phagocytosis

A&P 1 Lecture Topics (11 decks)

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