3 b - Cell Biology Other Structures & Transport

Question 1

What is a stem cell?

Answer 1

Any cell capable of replication.

Question 2

What is Pleuripotency?

Answer 2

The variety of cell types that a particular stem cell can make.

Question 3

What is the development or maturation of cells taking on a final specialized form?

Answer 3

differentiation

Question 4

When cells revert back to a less specialized form it is called ____

Answer 4

dedifferentiation

Question 5

What are the three types of cell death?

Answer 5

apoptosis
necrosis
autolysis

Question 6

Which cell death is considered the normal mode of death in tissue?

Answer 6

apoptosis

Question 7

Describe necrosis

Answer 7

Uncontrolled cell death; injury

Question 8

____ is the intential self destruction of a cell.

Answer 8

autolysis

Question 9

____ juctions have interlocking junctional proteins

Answer 9

Interlocking

Question 10

Interlocking cells prevent fluid and most molecules from moving between True or False

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Anchoring junctions binding like “velcro” are called ____

Answer 11

desmosomes

Question 12

Clusters of connexon protein channels are called ___

Answer 12

gap juctions

Question 13

What are gap junctions used for

Answer 13

for intercellular communication

Question 14

What are connexons

Answer 14

paired “donut” channels found in clusters (aka gap junctions)

Question 15

___ form cytoplasmic channels between neighboring cells

Answer 15

connexon proteins

Question 16

What does cytoskeleton provide for the cell?

Answer 16

it is the protein “skeleton” of the cell. Provides shalpe and internal organization.

Question 17

____ are hollow tubes made of tublin used for scaffolding, transport, cell division, cilia, and flagellae.

Answer 17

microtubles

Question 18

What are filaments made of?

Answer 18

actin

Question 19

What is the importance of microvilli within the cytoskeleton? Are they motile?

Answer 19

Increases surface area below the plasma membrane. Nonmotile.

Question 20

What is the purpose of centrioles?

Answer 20

to serve as a template for making cilia or flagellae.

Question 21

Are cilia or microvilli longer?

Answer 21

cilia

Question 22

___ are surface proteins that specifically bind chemical signal molecules and oftern activatre second messenger system which activate molecular pathways

Answer 22

Receptors

Question 23

What is the function of immune identity tags?

Answer 23

Recoginizes cells as being “self” vs. foreign.

Question 24

___ traps microbes; usually contains antimicrobial defense molecules.

Answer 24

Mucoproteins

Question 25

___ transport net movement is along an existing concentration gradient - No ATP

Answer 25

passive transport

Question 26

Does simple diffusion involve proteins?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

Does facilitated difusion involve proteins?

Answer 27

Yes, ion channels and facilitated transporters

Question 28

Active transport is ATP dependent and moves ____ concentration gradients

Answer 28

Against

Question 29

What is the driving force of simple diffusion?

Answer 29

the concentration gradient across a membrane that causes direct movement of very small uncharged molecules

Question 30

Carrier mediated and Channel mediated are types of _____ diffusion

Answer 30

facilitated

Question 31

Osmosis is a unique property of ____

Answer 31

water

Question 32

Osmosis can use simple and facilitated diffusion T or F

Answer 32

True

Question 33

Polar molecules are transported ____ by ____ proteins

Answer 33

passively; transmembrane proteins (carriers or channels)

Question 34

what are the two types of protein channels?

Answer 34

leakage channels (ungated) and gated channels ( controlled by chemical signal or electrical charge)

Question 35

** Be able to recoginize and distinguish between symport, antiport, and uniport**

Answer 35

Uniport: A ---> Symport: A---> B---> Antiport: A--->

Question 36

__cytosis fuses a vesicle with a membrane

Answer 36

exocytosis

Question 37

__cytosis involves pulling a vesicle or large membrane compartment out of a larger compartment.

Answer 37

endocytosis

Question 38

exocytosis is the most common mechanism of _____.

Answer 38

secretion

Question 39

___ secretion tightens a loops around a section of cytoplasm to pinch off

Answer 39

apocrine secretion

Question 40

____ secretion involve vesicles from Golgi or endocytosis and are snared and fuse in the presence of Ca++ ions

Answer 40

merocrine secretion

Question 41

___ secretion involves the entire cell and its contents and is released into ducts/passageways

Answer 41

holcrine secretion

Question 42

What is consctructed to pull in a small vesicle? | What happens once it is pulled out?

Answer 42

Clathrin coats pull in small vesicles. Once pulled out, the clathrin proteins are disassembled and reused.

Question 43

What involves 'Scooping" up a volume of extracellular fluid/materials and is pinched off from the membrane (phagocytosis)

Answer 43

rearrangement of the cytoskeleton

Question 44

___ uses endocytosis, clathrin proteins, vesicular trnasport and Ca++ fusion and exocytosis

Answer 44

Transcytosis

Question 45

___ are special vesicles that do not leave the cell and release digestive enxymes

Answer 45

Lysosomes

Question 46

* *Learn active transport*** https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Sodium-Potassium-pump-which-uses-ATP-to-pump-sodium-ions-out-of-the-cell-The-hydrolysis_fig2_273751706

Answer 46

cell uses ATP to pump ions or molecules against their concentration gradient

Question 47

intestine is filled with potential pathogens. What would you put between cells to prevent a bacterium from crossing the intestinal barrier?

Answer 47

Mucus membrane

Question 48

What cytoskeletal protein structures also make up cilia?

Answer 48

Microtubules

Question 49

How are motile and nonmotilecilia structurally different?

Answer 49

Motile cilia generate nodal flow whereas nonmotile cilia sense the flow.

Question 50

Identify a cellular organelle that may function a lot like an antenna.

Answer 50

Primary cilium

Question 51

why are ion transporters important to the operation of ciliated membranes?

Answer 51

It regulates the viscosity and volume of the fulid layer -- when this malfunctions contributes to cystic fibrosis

Question 52

An inflammatory protein can get into the brain, even though it is too large to be moved by a protein transporter. What process is used to carry it across the epithelial cells that line capillary vessels? __

Answer 52

Endocytosis

Question 53

one cell can send ions or small molecules to neighboring bone cells via clusters of connexin channels called ___

Answer 53

gap junctions

Question 54

What is secondary transport? How is it different from primary?

Answer 54

Secondary transport is derived from the ionic concentration gradient; primary transport establishes the ionic gradient

Question 55

what do we call the process by which a damaged red blood cell is removed by being engulfed by a white blood cell

Answer 55

phagocytosis