3. Body Communication and Homeostasis

Question 1

_ is the study of processes and functions in living organisms

Answer 1

Physiology

Question 2

What is the maintenance of steady states in the body by coordinated physiological mechanisms?

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

T/F Equilibrium and steady state are the same thing?

Answer 3

False

Question 4

_ is the a condition in which opposing forces in adjacent compartments are balanced

Answer 4

Equilibrium

Question 5

_ is a condition that doesn’t normally change with time and can apply to 1 or many compartments

Answer 5

Steady state

Question 6

ATP may be required to maintain _

Answer 6

steady states

Question 7

T/F a steady state indicates an equilibrium condition

Answer 7

False

Question 8

What are the 4 regulatory mechanisms?

Answer 8

End-product inhibition
Negative feedback control
Feed forward control
Positive feedback

Question 9

End-product inhibition involves _ reactions

Answer 9

enzymatic reactions

Question 10

When there is too much G6P in muscle and adipose tissue, it blocks Hexokinase by _

Answer 10

end-product inhibition

Question 11

_ involves non-enzymatic processes

Answer 11

Negative feedback

Question 12

Insulin/glucagon, body temperature, and BP are types of _ control

Answer 12

Negative feedback

Question 13

Open loop in which the regulated variable is not sensed by a sensor (acts on the effector)

Answer 13

Feed forward control

Question 14

Type of feedback where a variable is changed and sensed, and action is taken to reinforce the change in the variable is _

Answer 14

positive feedback

Question 15

Ferguson reflex is a type of _ feedback

Answer 15

positive

Question 16

T/F Positive feedback systems are very common

Answer 16

False (they are rare, because hard to control and stop)

Question 17

Gap junctions allows the spread of electrical currents that occur much _ than through channels

Answer 17

faster

Question 18

_ allow small chemicals to pass through them

Answer 18

Gap junctions

Question 19

T/F Gap junctions can not communicate with cells in different organs

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Gap junctions communicate with _

Answer 20

neighboring cells

Question 21

A paracrine response of histamine release by mast cells following soft tissue damage is a type of _ control

Answer 21

positive feedback (recruits more lymphocytes and Ab)

Question 22

TMJ paracrine effects are a type of _ control in which TMJ fibroblasts release more NGF that travels down the neuron to release more neurotransmitter and CGRP which then comes back to act on more fibroblasts

Answer 22

positive feedback

Question 23

T/F chemical messengers can be sent by more than 1 mechanism

Answer 23

True

Question 24

_ have specific receptors genetically programmed for a specific cell ligand

Answer 24

Target tissues

Question 25

T/F cytoplasmic receptors are also known as nuclear receptors

Answer 25

True (involved in intracellular communication)

Question 26

Steroid hormones, vitamin A, and vitamin D are _ molecules that can cross the cell membrane

Answer 26

lipophilic

Question 27

In _ receptors, the ligand is too large, has charge, or is not lipid-soluble

Answer 27

plasma membrane

Question 28

Norepinephrine/epinephrine activate g-_ proteins to _ AC

Answer 28

stimulatory, activate

Question 29

Acetylcholine activates g-_ proteins to _ AC

Answer 29

inhibitory, inhibit

Question 30

_ is a substance besides the ligand that can activate the same receptor

Answer 30

Agonist

Question 31

_ regulation increases receptor numbers when there is less than the normal hormone concentration

Answer 31

Up

Question 32

_ regulation removes receptors when there is more than the normal hormone concentration

Answer 32

Down

Question 33

T/F Second messengers work to amplify the signal

Answer 33

True | (allows conservation of energy and resources)

Question 34

T/F Amplification of signal is usually observed with nuclear receptors

Answer 34

False (NRs provoke responses which need to be tightly regulated)

Question 35

GABA, ACTH, Opioid are 2nd messengers that are indirect ion channel openers or _

Answer 35

metabotropic

Question 36

Ach in muscle are 2nd messengers that are direct ion channel openers or _

Answer 36

ionotropic

Question 37

Glycogen breakdown in the liver utilizes the conversion of ATP to _, which goes on to activate PKA

Answer 37

cAMP

Question 38

G-protein activates _ to cut PIP2 into 2nd messengers _ and _

Answer 38

PLC, IP3, DAG

Question 39

Arachidonic acid utilizes _ and _ to produce PGH2 which then goes on to produce _, _, and _

Answer 39

COX1, COX2 | Prostacyclin, prostaglandins, thromboxane A2

Question 40

Some anti-inflammatory drugs act on COX 1 and 2 such as _, _, _, and _ to prevent their formation

Answer 40

Aspirin, ibuprofen, celebrex, vioxx

Question 41

Vascular endothelial cells produce _ which promotes _ of blood vessels

Answer 41

Prostacyclin, vasodilation

Question 42

Platelets produce _ which promotes _ of blood vessels

Answer 42

Thromboxane A2, vasoconstriction

Question 43

T/F P and TA2 prevent excessive clotting while limiting blood flow

Answer 43

False (increasing blood flow)

Question 44

Aspirin inhibits COX formation, but in a few hours _ can again produce _ for prostacyclin production

Answer 44

Endothelial cells, COX

Question 45

In platelets, COX is _ and new platelets must be formed before _ can be synthesized

Answer 45

Irreversibly inhibited, Thromboxane A2

Question 46

``` 12-HETE 15-HETE Lipoxins 5-HETE These are examples of _ that are formed from _ using _ ```

Answer 46

leukotrienes, arachidonic acid, lipoxygenases

Question 47

Boswelia plant extract is a _

Answer 47

LO inhibitor

Question 48

_ are mediators of allergic and inflammatory reactions

Answer 48

Leukotrienes

Question 49

Leukotrienes secreted by mast cells act (paracrine) to _

Answer 49

Attract neutrophils and eosinophils to the inflammation site

Question 50

Some cells undergo _ to remove specific cells before they become cancerous or destructive

Answer 50

apoptosis

Question 51

T/F Apoptosis provide cells at the peak of their performance

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Necrosis results in _ while apoptosis does not

Answer 52

inflammation

Question 53

Cells undergoing apoptosis utilize _ which are intracellular protein cutting enzymes

Answer 53

caspases

Question 54

Alzheimer's and AIDS have altered _ component

Answer 54

apoptosis