3: BSE M bo, ov, cap, eq Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
overall goal of BSE for Ru:
A
- select high quality and fertile breeding stock
- eliminate heritable dzz, repro and other from breeding pop
2
Q
approx what % of bulls will pass a BSE?
A
87%
3
Q
what % must be found to be bad / poor fertility via BSE to continue genetic improvement?
A
13%
4
Q
indicatios for Ru BSE?
A
- prior to placing into service [virgin/yearling bull or pre season/pasture if mature]
- pre sale or pre purchase
- apparent sub fertility: poor preg rate or physical abnormality
- to be sent to stud for semen freezing
5
Q
peak season of year for bull BSE?
A
Oct to thanksging
also april to june
[times before bull sent out with cows]
6
Q
components of BSE for Ru?
A
- sig and hx
- lameness eval
- ID
- general PE
- exam external genitalia
- maybe internal genitalia exam
- semen collection and eval
- additional dz (infectious / genetic dz test)
7
Q
facilities for Bull BSE?
A
- sturdy chute w removable lower side panel to allow access for semen collection
- scale
- or restraint facilities to allow mount / safe access for semen collection
8
Q
facilities for ram/buck BSE?
A
- cooperative help (strong backs)
- small Ru chute for standing semen collection
- restrained estrus doe maybe
9
Q
what constitutes a lameness eval for Ru BSE?
A
watch walk from trailer or pen into chute / collection area
10
Q
important for signalment of Ru BSE?
considerations based on signalment?
A
- age
- virgin vs breeding
- breed
- certain problems more likely in young or old
- venereal dzz not issue for virginal bull
- breed predispostions for specific conditions
11
Q
hx on BSE?
A
- breeding hx is big how many FM? other M? length of breeding season? preg rate? calving/lambing/kidding rate? results from previous seasons? size of breeding area?
- when last observed normal?
12
Q
ways to ID Ru?
A
- temporary ID (minimum): plastic ear tag
- permanent ID preferred: tattoo, brand, silver tag
13
Q
considerations for general PE for Ru BSE
A
- see FM - eyes
- smell FM - nose
- get to FM / mount - musculoskeletal
- breed FM - musculoskeletal, genital
- retain BCS - dental, GIT
14
Q
what might you check also if M has warts on face?
A
penis / prepuce for warts
15
Q
what to look for on Ru feet during exam?
A
- hoof quality
- evidence of recent absecesses
- presence of lesions
16
Q
musculoskeletal exam considerations for Ru BSE?
A
symmetry of limbs/joints
overall stance
condition of feet
17
Q
what to look for when exam external genitalia of RU for BSE
A
- size
- symmetry
- shape
- mobility
- consistency
18
Q
what should scrotal integument look like?
why is this important?
what are some common abnormalities seen on scrotal integument?
A
thin, smooth normal
inflammatory lesions inc intra scrotal temp -> interfere w normal spermatogenesis
ex) scrotal dermatitis
mange
frost bite
wounds
thicken skin poor for thermo regulation / sperm production
19
Q
how should testis feel?
A
- firm - NOT hard
- resilient but vibrant
like tennis ball
20
Q
what do soft testis suggest?
firm testis?
A
soft: testicular degeneration
hard: neoplasia, terminal degeneration, atrophy w fibrosis
21
Q
what structures are palpable win scrotum?
A
- testis
- spermatic cord components
- epididymides [head, body, tail]
22
Q
what area of testis is epididymal body found?
A
medial aspect
23
Q
what is significance of scrotal circumference in bull?
A
- pos correlation w :
sperm prod capacity [all species of Ru]
age at which heifer calves attain puberty
some growth/carcass traits (angus) - moderate to high heritability in bull calves
24
Q
can testis be too big in bull?
what might large testis indicate?
A
yes, if over 50 cm
impaired thermo regulation
may indicate prob w epididymis / epididymides: segmental aplasia or blocked epididymis
25
what is normal scrotal circumference for 24 mo old or older bull?
34 cm
26
what are guidelines about scrotal circumference based on for buck?
based on weight of buck
may vary by breed, not official standards
27
what are guidelines about scrotal circumference based on for ram?
based on age of ram
may vary by breed, not official standards
28
exam of internal genitalia possible in M of what species?
bulls - trans rectal palpation
29
what can be palpated trans rectally in bull?
how does palpation also help out another aspect of BSE exam?
- internal inguinal ring
| - dec ejaculatory threshold
30
small Ru: how to eval internal genitalia?
indirect evaluation of semen sample
31
what does leukospermia of a small Ru sample suggest?
presence of pathology of accessory sex glands
- pathology of them is uncommon...
so MC is epididymitis
32
external genitalia exam process?
trim hairs of prepuce
| palpate along external prepuce and penis for swelling
33
methods of semen collection in bulls?
| what method is most preferred
- aspirate sample from vagina of cow after breeding (rare)
- artificial vagina using mount animal
- trans rectal massage of acc sex glands
- electroejaculation -> MOST PREFERRED method
34
what methods of semen collection yield a complete physiologic ejaculate?
collection of semen via artificial vagina - dog does full mounting procedure and complete ejaculatory process
35
if you do not attain a physiologic ejaculate, what are limitations / what can sample tell you?
it is a sperm sample
cannot tell you sperm count
can tell you semen quality based on motility and morphology
36
how does electro ejaculation process occur in bulls?
- insert lubricated probe into rectum and massage
- apply elecro stimulation
- monitor penis for protrusion and erection
- visually inspect penis and internal lamina of prepuce for lesions
- collect sample when cloudy sperm rich fraction emitted
- cease electro stimulation
- with draw probe but continue collection
37
what methods of sperm collection for buck?
- artificial vagina preferred method
| - electro ejaculation can be done but poorly tolerated by buck
38
describe sample attained from buck collection using AV?
- low volume (0.5 to 2.0 mL)
| - high concentration (1.4 to 4 billion sperm/mL)
39
if sample collected from buck is yellow, what might it be?
- urine - will smell
| - beta carotene from diet
40
how to collect semen collection from rams?
- electroejaculation tolerated well
41
procedure to collect semen from ram?
- tip ram up and protrude penis from sheath - manually straighten sigmoid flexure
- lateral recumbency - examine urethral process
- maintain penile extension during procedure to prevent (px) contamination of semen by prepuce WBCs
- insert lubricated probe into rectum
- trans rectal massage of acc sex glands
- electro stimulate and collect semen in vial suspended in water bath
42
considerations of gross semen evaluation of Ru?
- opacity, consistency, color, maybe volume
- if it smells, consider urine contamination
if too chunky or thick, may be pus
43
what does progressive motility measure?
| Ru
individual motility
can be diluted
44
what does gross/mass motility measure?
| Ru
individual motility
concentration
cannot be diluted
45
what is minimum individual progressive motility in field and in clinc?
Ru
field: 30% min
clinic: 70% min
46
both individual and mass motility are subjective or objective?
Ru
subjective assessment / rating
47
what is required for good gross/mass motility?
| Ru
high conc and high % of individual progressive motile sperm
48
how to perform morphology evaluation on sperm
| Ru
count 100 or more sperm
count how many normal and how many abnormal
list % of 1* and 2* defects
49
what minimum standard of normal morphology required for good BSE? bull
70% minimum normal sperm
50
Interpretation of sperm morphology with age
Ru
high percentage of sperm with retained proximal cytoplasmic droplets (PCDs)?
penalized bull UNLESS he is young – b/c he will likely grow out of it -> by 15-18 months of age
Part of maturation of testicles – may defer young bull
When he is mature they should resolve
51
Interpretation of sperm morphology
age
| medical and breeding history
52
effect of systemic dz/fever have on morphology?
results in secondary or primary defects, dep on time of occurrence relative to exam
53
what to do if large % 1* defects? Ru
wait 60 days
54
what to do if large % 2* defects? Ru
maybe again that day
| OR put him around FM and test again in a couple weeks
55
effects of prolonged sexual rest?
rusty load
prominence of secondary defects
- often many loosely attached normal heads
56
how many chances does Ru get in 1 day to pass BSE?
2 semen samples MAX
may do second sample that day if rusty load
OR wait if high % of 1* defects - DEFER The bull
57
what is the majoor infectious repro dz is tested for in bulls?
etiology?
prevalence related to age?
Tritrichomonas foetus
venerally transmitted protozoan
older MC than young
58
why older bulls MC have tritrichomonas
b/c T-dependent dev of preputial crypts in which protozoans live and infection harder to clear
old bull = carrier MC
young bull = clear infection spontaneously
59
if you see case of Tritrichomonas, what should you do?
call state vet => REPORTABLE DZ
60
what does tritrichomonas do?
- early embryonic death
high preg rates and high % "short bred" FMs
- note: semen quality normal
61
how to test for Tritrichomonas?
culture and/or PCR
preputial sampling - scrape vigorously
62
tritrichomonas Tx?
not successful
dead bull - req by law
63
if cows have high % of embryonic loss and abortion, what dzz should you suspect?
tritrichomonas
or
campylobacter fetus subsp fetus
64
how to test for campylobacter in bulls?
culture and perputial lavage sample
| special handling required
65
can you vacc for any of infectious repro dzz in ru?
yes - vibrio or campylobacter fetus supsp fetus has vacc
| it dec the incidence of dz
66
infectious repro dz of concern in rams?
- brucella ovis
67
what does brucella ovis cause in rams? ewes?
- epididymitis, orchitis and dec fertility in rams
| - ewes: abortion and perinatan mortality in lambs
68
how is brucella transmitted
venereally
69
what indicates a brucella test in a ram?
- if leukospermia
70
what is test for brucella?
- serologic ELISA test
| - culture of semen
71
how can bull be classified after a BSE?
- satisfactory potential breeder
- unsatisfactory potential breeder
- classificaiton deferred
72
to be satisfactory, bull must pass standards for what?
- scrotal circumference
- sperm motility
- sperm morphology
NO defects that would compromise breeding ability
NO infectious repro dzz
73
unsatisfactory bull exam looks like what?
- fails one or more minimum for scrotal circumference, sperm motility, sperm morphology
- unlikely to improve w time
- suffers from 1 or more defects that would compromise breeding ability:
heritable or physical that cannot be fixed
- has infectious repro dz
74
what circumstances would bull be classified as deferred?
- not satisfactory that day but expected to improve
| young bull, lame bull or old bull w rusty load or high % 1* defects with hx of physiologic insult
75
if deferred, when to retest?
60 days later
or if rusty load, turn out w a few cows in heat and re real in 2 weeks
76
what does satisfactory classification on a buck imply?
- capable of impregnating at least 30 does in a 32 day breeding season
77
what standards must a buck meet to be considered satisfactory?
- scrotal circumference good
- 70% sperm motility
- 70% sperm morphology
NO defects
may or may not have urethreal process
78
what standards must a ram meet to be considered satisfactory?
- scrotal circumference, sperm motility and morphology 70% each
- no defects
- no infectious dzz
- may or may not have urethral process
79
what does satisfactory classification for ram imply?
can impregnate at least 50 ewes in a 34 day breeding season
80
unsatisfactory ram and buck?
- poor scrotal circumference, sperm motility and sperm morphology
- unlikely to improve w time
- defect that would compromise heritability
- infectious repro dz
81
indications for equine BSE?
- pre purchase
- prior to sending to stud
- outset of season
- eval of breeding problems
82
goals for evaluation of stallion on BSE?
- select high quality breeding stock
- ID causes of potential problesm
- offer mgmt. recommendations to optimize fertility for subfertile stallions
- discourage propogation of hereditary defects
83
what is considered reproductive efficiency in equine breeding?
75% or more seasonal preg rate
- 40 mares bred by natural cover
- 120 mares bred by AI
84
components of equine evaluation?
- ID
- hx
- general PE
- evaluate teasing and breeding behavior
- exam of external genitalia
85
what does an equine BSE exam entail?
- collection of samples for microbial culture
- semen collection and eval
- u/s exam of scrotal contents and accessory sex glands
- additional diagnostics [serology for infectious dzz and molecular analysis of sperm]
86
how many ejaculates are part of an equine evaluation?
2-3 ejaculates
87
equine ID of stallion?
- tattoo or brand
- registered name
- physical description
88
equine signalment of BSE?
breed
age
use
89
equine hx?
- general management: feed, housing, exercise/work
| - medical and sx: routine care, chronic medical conditions, prior sx, lameness, medications
90
breeding hx of equine?
```
methods
number and types of mares
frequency of breeding and/or semen collection
date of most recent collection
preg rates
services per foaling
handling and routine
offspring
problems
```
91
particular attention to what areas of stallion during general PE?
eyes
| limbs
92
congenital defects to consider with stallion?
cryptorchidism
cataracts
parrot mouth
93
evaluation of breeding behavior through what?
- teasing and washing: normal behavior, erection
| - problems: handability, juvenile, poor libido
94
MC cause of poor libido?
other reasons?
behavioral - due to negative conditioning
overuse
repro endocrine abnormalities
95
what to evaluate about penis on stallion?
glans
urethral process
shaft
96
what to evaluate about prepuce in stallion?
internal lamina
| sheath
97
equine collection of samples for microbial culture: from what sites?
why?
- urethra
- urethral fossa
- penile shaft
b/c some superficial infections pose a risk to the mare
98
when should microbial samples be obtained from stallion sheath?
prior to washing
and
after ejaculation
99
what kind of culture is run on stallion sample?
aerobic culture
100
what are options for semen collection of stallion?
what is optimal?
- AV [optimal]
- condom [last resort]
- electroejaculation NEVER
101
what to evaluate for breeding behavior in stallion?
- approach and behavior towards the mare
- over 2 mins to achieve erection
- mounting and coordination
- coupling and thrusting
- ejaculation
- dismount
102
how to handle/prepare sample of semen from equine for evaluation?
- remove 3rd gel fraction by filtration
| - no oxygen, no uv light, no drastic temperature changes
103
gross evaluation of equine semen
```
volume 30 + mL
color - white to slightly grey
opacity
consistency
contamination by urine/blood/pus
```
104
why is blood bad in semen sample?
b/c it will kill equine sperm
105
why is mass motility NOT evaluated in stallion semen?
it is not concentrated enough
mass motility is fxn of conc and individual motility
106
minimum standard for raw sperm motility?
none
| typical number is 30-80%
107
how does motility of extended semen compare with raw sperm motility?
extended semen has improved motility
108
where does sperm tail attach to head?
how does that affect their motion?
abaxially - not in middle of head
so they swim NOT in straight line but arc and roll around
109
how is sperm morphology evaluated in stallion semen?
what is minimum standard?
what is normal?
itemize percentage of specific individual primary and secondar defects
no minimum standard
30-70% is normal
110
how is sperm in stallion counted?
- hemocytometer
- densimeter - less stable for raw samples
- CASA
111
how long does semen evaluation for stallion last?
- evaluated at 24, 48 and 72 hours
112
scrotal contents of stallion evaluation?
skin
testes
epididymides
spermatic cords
113
what size should testes be in stallion?
over 9 cm
114
what is the orientation of testes and epididymis in stallion?
tail of epididymis facing tail of horse
115
what is testicular torsion vs rotation?
rotation - incidental
| torsion - spermatic cord twists; pathologic b/c restricts blood flow and cause horse colic
116
examine internal structures in stallion?
```
- accessory sex glands
bulbourethral glands
prostate
seminal vesicles
ampullae
```
- internal inguinal rings
terminal aorta
117
MC accessory gland to have pathology problem in mare?
ampullae
118
how many additional semen collections per day for stallion?
- second ejaculate: collected an hour after the first
- third ONLY if necessary
- NO MORE THAN 3
119
what happens if stallion fails on 3rd ejaculate sperm?
he fails the exam - deferred or disqualified
120
what infectious dzz are tested for in stallions?
EIA - coggins
| EVA - equine viral arteritis
121
how can equine semen be further evaluated?
- EVA virus co culture
- sperm chromatin analysis
- e microscopy
122
how can stallion be classified?
- satisfactory prospective breeder
- specifically qualified satisfactory prospective breeder
- unsatisfactory prospective breeder
- classification deferred
123
satisfactory prospective breeder for stallion?
- no heritable defects
- normal breeding beh
- harbor NO infections of repro tract
- possess 2 normal scrotal testes and epididymis
- produce 1 billion PMS, morphologically normal sperm in each of 2 ejaculates collected 1 hour apat
- scrotal w at least 9 cm
124
classification deferred stallion?
- fail to have 1 billion PMS in 2 ejaculates, 1 hour apart
- if not then have re evaluation of 60 days
- semen quality or behavior expected to improve
125
unsatisfactory prospective breeder stallion?
- suffers heritable defect
- fail to demo normal breeding beh - will not improve with training
- infection that cannot be cured
- abnormal testes and scrotum
- does not produce 1 billion PMS in 2 ejaculates and will NOT improve
- scrotum less than 9cm
126
how to achieve DSO in stallion?
daily sperm output
| collect semen at least 2x per day for 5 days to deplete epididymis reserves
127
best measure of stallion fertility?
foaling rate
