7: Anatomy and Embryology of FM Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
requirements for puberty?
A
- sexual behavior - receptivity [estrus]
- ovulation
- ability to support pregnancy w/o deleterious effects
2
Q
age at puberty: canine
A
12 mos (6-24)
small dogs - puberty younger
3
Q
age at puberty: feline
A
8 mos (4-12)
4
Q
age at puberty: equine
A
18 mos (12-19)
“second spring of her life” [same for M]
5
Q
age at puberty: bovine
A
11 mos (9-24)
6
Q
age at puberty: ovine
A
7 mos (4-14)
7
Q
age at puberty: caprine
A
7 mos (3-8)
8
Q
age at puberty: porcine
A
6 mos (5-7)
9
Q
age at puberty: llama
A
6-12 mos
10
Q
age at puberty: alpaca
A
1 yr
11
Q
some factors that affect age of puberty:
A
- BCS / plane of nutrition
- breed
- external factors: season of birth, photoperiod during onset of pubergy, presence of M during peri pubertal period, housing/stocking density
12
Q
what is the threshold body weight a FM must reach to achieve puberty?
A
60-65 % of mature body weight
13
Q
what effect does presence of boar have on peri pubertal gilt coming into puberty?
A
exposing gilt to boar brings her into heat/puberty earlier
14
Q
what effect does housing and stocking density have?
A
crowd a little bit (esp gilts) -> b/c stress [low levels] helps mediate coming into puberty
15
Q
importance of surge and tonic centers in FM brain?
A
to allow for LH surges to occur prior to ovulation
16
Q
prior to puberty, there is not enough of this hormone to stimulate LH surge
A
e2 (estradiol)
17
Q
how/why does growth of animal impact puberty?
A
b/c slowing of growth allows for inc glucose, fatty acid and leptin in blood -> stimulates higher frequency of GnRH pulses
18
Q
changes in tonic center at time of puberty?
A
less sensitive to negative feedback by low e2 levels -> so inc GnRH sec
19
Q
what does inc GnRH at puberty stimulate? how does this lead to puberty?
A
inc FSH -> drives follicular growth on ovaries -> inc e2 production by follicles
also inc LH -> ovulation -> puberty achieved
20
Q
what hormones are produced by developing follicles?
A
e2
inhibin
21
Q
what structure produces inhibin? where does it go? and what kind of feedback loop?
A
follicles produce inhibin
goes to ant pit
negative feedback -> dec LH and FSH sec
22
Q
e2 is produced by what structure? where does it go? and what type of feedback?
A
produced by follicle
goes to surge center of hypo
positive feedback -> inc sec of GnRH from hypo
23
Q
seasonality of canine
A
NO
24
Q
seasonality of feline
A
yes - long day
unless indoor cat - cycles year round when exposed to ambient light
25
seasonality of equine
yes: long day
| winter anestrus
26
seasonality of bovine
NO
27
seasonality of ovine
yes: short day
28
seasonality of caprine
yes: short day
29
seasonality of porcine
NO
30
seasonality of alpaca
not in north america...
31
what hormone mediates seasonality in FM
melatonin
32
where is melatonin released from
pineal gland
33
what stimulates melatonin release
darkness
34
where does melatonin go and what effect does it have?
to hypo
stim GnRH sec for short day breeders
.....GnRH -> inc LH, FSH -> cycle
35
absence of what factor/hormone allows for dev of FM repro sys
testis determining factor
36
what duct system develops into FM repro tract?
paramesonephric ducts
| mullerian ducts
37
what tubular structures do the fused paramesonephric/mullerian ducts form?
uterine body,
cervix,
portion of Cr vagina
38
what structures do the unfused paramesonephric/mullerian ducts form?
uterine tubes
| uterine horns
39
where do the paramesonephric ducts end caudally? (with what structure)
the urogenital sinus
40
whaat makes up the urogenital sinus?
cd vagina
| vestibule
41
what is the narrowing at the juncture of bud and urogenital sinus proper called?
vestibulo-vaginal junction
is a sphincter in the mare
42
functions of ovary
gamete production
| endocrine gland
43
what hormones does the ovary produce? and by what structures?
follicles - e2 and inhibin
CL - p4
44
what outer structure surrounds the ovary?
tunica albuinea
45
what comprises the ovarian cortex? where is it located? what species is an exception?
oocytes/follicles
CL
corpora albicantia
loc outer area of ovary
mare - loc inside
46
what is the ovarian medulla? where located? exception?
connective tissue (CT)
vasculature
Nn (nerves)
loc on inside area of ovary
mare is exception - loc outside
47
what unique structure on the mare allows ovulation to occur despite the cortex w the follicles being located on the inside?
ovulation fossa
why CL is not palpable - can palpate the follicle protruding and note when it leaves to determine when she ovulates - but cannot palpate the CL itself/directly
48
what are 4 barriers along the tubular tract
- vulva
- vestibulo vaginal sphincter
- cervix
- utero tubular junction
49
what is the infundibulum?
Cr/ovarian end
- fimbriae
- forms ovarian bursa in some species
50
what is the ampulla?
site of fertilization
mare: unfertilized oocytes remain there
51
3 parts to uterine tube?
infundibulum
ampulla
isthmus
52
what structure forms the ovarian bursa?
infundibulum (species dependent)
53
in what species is ovarian remnant syndrome more common (dog/cat)? why?
canine - b/c bitch has ovary encased in substantial bursa (infundibulum) whereas the queen has more exposed ovary
54
what effect does e2 have on the utero tubal junction conformation?
UTJ kinks under influence of e2 and "unkinks" with dec e2 -> straightens and allows embryo to enter uterine horn
during this time: greater chance for salpingitis, phosalpinx - b/c of loose sphincter
55
shape of uterus in most domestic animals?
bi cornuate uteri
2 uterine horns and a uterine body
56
what determines the length of the uterine body relative to the length of the horns?
the degree of fusion btwn the paramesonephric ducts
57
which species have highly developed uterine horns?
bitch
queen
sow
58
which species have shorter horns relative to body length of uterus?
mare, cow
59
what is the uterine serosa called?
perimetrium
60
what is the myometrium?
muscular layer of tissue in cervis
61
how many layers are there to the myometrium?
2 - outer longitidunal and inner circular
62
what type of muscle is the myometrium?
smooth muscle
63
why are myometrial contractions important?
facilitate sperm transport, evacuation post breeding and fetal delivery
64
what type of contraction draws semen to promote pregnancy?
retrograde
65
what is superficial lining of uterus called?
endometrium
66
what are the layers of the endometrium?
sub mucosa and mucosa
67
function of endometrium?
nourishment of pre attachment embryo
maternal contribution to placenta
PGF2a secretion
68
what is function of uterine milk glands?
| where are they loc?
nourishment of pre attachment embryo
loc in endometrium
69
what is general role of PGF2a in FM?
control cyclicity
70
unique feature of cow uterus
caruncles
71
unique appearance of mare uterus
about 7 longitudinal endometrial folds
72
what is the broad ligament?
extension of peritoneum - surrounds repro organs and suspends them from dorso lateral body wall
73
what covers the ovary?
mesovarium
74
what covers the uterine tube?
mesosalpinx
75
what covers the mesometrium
uterus
76
due to the nature of attachment of the broad ligament, what kind of mobility does the bovine and equine have?
bovine - high
| equine - low
77
2 types of cervices?
fibrous and muscular
78
what animals have a fibrous cervix?
ruminants
| sow
79
what animals have a muscular cervix?
mare
| camelid
80
what is the orientation of tissue impinging upon the canal in ruminants and sows?
transverse rings
81
what is the orientation of tissue impinging upon the canal in mare?
longitudinal rings
82
what are the functions of the cervix?
mucus production - lubrication during copulation, flushing of foreign material
conduit - barrier to sperm transport in some species
isolation of uterus from external environment during pregnancy
83
anatomy of cow cervix?
3 annular folds
84
anatomy of ewe cervix?
5 eccentrically positioned cervical rings
85
anatomy of sow cervix?
multiple inter digitating rings forming a spiral
86
anatomy of mare cervix?
longitudinal cervical folds
87
anatomy of bitch cervix?
smooth, w/o rings or folds
prominent vaginal portion
large fornix area with small hole located ventrally (hard to find)
88
vagina functions
copulatory organ
| birth canal
89
vaginal fornix anatomy
which species have one?
formed by protrusion of Cd portion of cervix, into cranial vagina
cow, mare, dog
90
anatomy of bitch vagina
paracervix and paracervical tunnel
```
vagina narrows (2/3) b/c dorso median ridge impinges on canal
opens into fornix cranially
```
91
vestibulo vaginal junction in mare - function?
2nd barrier to contamination
incompetence following foaling injury may contribute to pneumovaina [wind sucking]
92
what are borders of vestibule?
from vestibule vaginal jxn (just Cr to external urethral orifice) to vulva
93
functions of vestibule?
```
copulaltory organ (constrictor vastibuli muscles)
opening of urethra
```
94
what are vestibular (Bartholin's) glands?
| pathology? in what species?
mucus like secretions during estrus
| may become cystic in cattle
95
what is the perineum?
covering of pelvic outlet
| area around anus and vulva
96
vulva function?
- Cd most barrier to repro tract contamination
| - physical barrier comprised by labia and constrictor vulvae muscles
97
in what species is vulva responsive to hormonal stimulation?
bitch and sow
98
what do constrictor vulvae muscles do?
contract around the penis after intromission to promote ejaculation
99
perineum/vulva of mare conformation?
normal: 1/3-1/2 of cleft length dorsal to ischiatic arch
vertical orientation
100
why is poor perineal conformation in mare problematic?
```
predisposes to pneumovagina
->
bacT contamination of the Cd repro tract
->
endometritis
```
101
recessed vulva/perineum conformation of bitch?
- congenital or overweight bitches
| - moist environment favors growth of bacT and yeast -> perivulvar dermatitis -> UTIs
102
why is ventrally positioned orientation of bitch problematic?
predisposes to problems with natural mating
103
common problem with vulva/perineum of alpaca? also common with dogs
hypoplastic vulva
alpaca orifice may be like a pin point
104
anatomy and function of clitoris
FM homologue of penis
fxn not known
105
significance of clitoris when breeding bitch and cow?
stimulate for cow and dog during AI to inc preg rate
in dog, called feathering
106
in the mare, loc and fxn of clitoral fossa?
loc ventral to glans clitoris
houses glans clitoris
107
clitoral sinus loc and fxn?
loc dorsal to glans clitoris
may harbor pathogenic bacT
108
what is segmental aplasia?
- absence of portions of tubular repro tract
- mucoid fluid accumulates proximal to occlusion
- imperforate hymen
109
what species is segmental aplasia most common?
cattle
| white heifer dz - assoc w white coat color
110
what is freemartinism?
heifer calves born co-twin to bull calves
vascular anastomosis of chorioallantoic membranes so that AMH, TDF and testosterone from M reach FM fetus during organogenesis of repro sys
111
why does free martinism affect the FM development?
b/c testicles develop first
112
what is the sex chromosome chimera that occurs with freemartinism?
XX/XY - exchange of hematopoietic blood and germ cells btwn feti via common blood supply
113
what developmental defects occur with freemartinism?
segmental aplasia
| gonad development range from ovaries with no oocytes to testes like organs
114
clinical signs of freemartinism?
fail to become pregnant [sterile]
small vulva with long hairs
FM act "bullish" and appear more masculine or bull like
115
dx freemartinism?
vaginal length measurement - test tube measurement
palpate
u/s
genetic testing
116
MC congenital anatomic abnormalities in vagina and vulva of bitch at vestibulo vaginal junction?
vertical trans luminal band [when 2 paramesonephric ducts come together and the common wall where they oppose each other does not break down and remains as septum]
and
circumferential stricture [due to excessive tissue]
117
what is the persistent hymen at the vestibulo vaginal jxn of the mare?
embryologic remnant of jxn btwn paramesonephric ducts and urogenital sinus bud
appears like "laying an egg"
118
Tx of persistent hymen in mare?
manual rupture under sedation
fertility fine
119
what is cause of intersex conditions of FM clitoris?
masculinization of FM feti due to altrenogest administration during preg - canine
120
what is effect of post natal exposure to steroids?
androgens in race fillies and bitches - hyperadrenocorticism in bitches
intersex condition in offspring
