3. Civil Rights Flashcards
(24 cards)
What were some of the unfair conditions black soldiers had to adhere to?
- Black nurses could only treat black soldiers
- Only black blood could be used to treat other black soldier’s
- Black soldiers were not allowed into combat into the marines
- They were given the most menial tasks or made to do the most dangerous tasks
- US-Airforce would not accept black pilots
Which president supported the integration of combat units?
Eisenhower
By 1955, what the the US army like?
- The US army was the most integrated, 600 black pilots, 58 black sailors
- The amount of black people in gov jobs by the end of WW2 trebled to 200,000
- Racial Tension still existed and led to race riots in Detroit in 1943, 25 black and 9 white people were killed
What was the Brown Vs Topeka case?
- Thurgood Marshall represented Linda Brown
- Linda’s father wanted her to attend a nearby white school, forced to attend an all black school
- Marshall argued that educational achievement was restricted and self esteem damaged by the Jim Crow law’s
- In 1954, segregation in education was ruled unconstitutional, began process of desegregation
Despite the massive victory for civil right’s following the Brown Vs Topeka case, what was still occuring
- 2.4 million black children were still educated in Jim Crow schools in 1957
- 101 southern congressmen signed the Southern Manifesto, formally condemning the SC ruling and promised to resist integration by all lawful means
What were the events of Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957
- Following Brown vs Board of Education, Little Rock High was ordered to integrate
- Nine black students, (Little Rock Nine) volunteered to attend the all white school
- State Governor Faubus ordered national guardsmen to block the entry of the 9 students
- Media covered the vicious white crowd embarrassed the nation that championed equality
- Eisenhower sent 1000 federal troops, federalizing the National Guard and escorted and protecting the 9 students to safely attend school
What was Faubus’s reaction following his nation guard being federalised
Faubus closed all Arkansas schools to prevent integration until 1959
What are the events of James Meredith’s story?
- James applied to Ole Miss and was initially denied to due his race
- Filed a lawsuit and court rules in his favour, governor Ross tried to block him from enrolling
- Meredith arrival to campus caused violent riots between federal marshals and segregationist protestors
- Kennedy sent 23,000 federal troops and 320 federal marshals to restore order
What did Jo Ann Robinson decide to do following Rosa Park’s arrest
Held a one day boycott, printing thousands of leaflets to encourage people to boycott city buses
Who formed the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association)
- MLK and Ralph Abernathy
What did MLK declare before the MBB
- Declared that African-American’s were tired of being humiliated and oppressed in their own country, and would use peaceful means to persuade people to follow their cause
What were the events of the MBB
- Rosa Parks arrest was the trigger
- The black community, led by MLK, organised a 381 day boycott of the city buses to protest segregation
- US Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional, leading to Montgomery desegregating their buses
What were Sit-In protests?
- Black protesters would sit peacefully at white only public places and refuse to leave
- Students endured violence and assaults without retaliating, media coverage presented USA in a horrible light, very successful
What were freedom riders?
- Led by CORE (Founded by James Farmer)
- Mixed groups of black and white activity rode interstate buses into the segregated South to test the supreme court rulings on banning segregation, they were faced with violent mobs, arrest and hostility
- Drew attention and forced federal government to enforce desegregation laws.
What ware the 3 main marches you have to know regarding MLK?
March on Washington (1963)
Birmingham Campaign (1963)
Selma to Montgomery March (1965)
What was the main aim of the Washington March?
What famous speech did MLK deliver?
What was the outcome?
1) To demand civil rights, jobs and freedom for Black Americans
2) I Have A Dream
3) Helped lead to the Civil Rights Act 1964
Why was Birmingham targeted during the Birmingham Campaign?
What was MLK’S famous piece of writing?
What shocking tactics were used against protestors?
What was the outcome?
1) Birmingham was one of the most segregated cities in the South
2) Letter from Birmingham Jail
3) Police Dogs and Fire Hoses, even on children, 1300 children arrested
4) National Outrage which pushed JFK for civil rights laws
Selma to Montgomery March (1965)
What right were protestors demanding?
What was Bloody Sunday?
How did it end?
Outcome?
1) The right to vote
2) Marchers were brutally beaten by police on Edmund Pettus Bridge, led by Sherriff Jim Clark
3) MLK led a successful march with federal protection
4) Led to the Voting Rights Act 1965
How was the Civil Rights Act proposed and passed?
JFK proposed the Civil Rights Act after events such as Birmingham and Washington
However he was assassinated, LBJ Johnson pushed in through to Congress and got it passed
What were the results of Bloody Sunday?
- Marcher’s attacked by tear gas, clubs, dogs
- John Lewis, a future congressmen suffered a fractured skull
- 50 injured, 1 death
What were some aspects of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?
- Segregation in hotels, motels , restaurants was banned
- Responsibility of federal government to bring cases to court to tackle discrimination
- Black students given equal rights
What were some aspects of the 1965 Voting Rights Act?
- Ended literacy tests
- Federal Government monitored voter registration levels
Huge increase in Black voter registration:
- In Mississippi, from 6% (1964) → 60%+ by 1967
What were some aspects of the 1968 Fair Housing Act?
- Banned discrimination in housing based on race, gender, etc outlawed.
Tell me everything u know bout Malcolm X
- Believed the March on Washington was a farce
- Set up educational and social programmers for black youths in ghettos
- “Black is Beautiful”
- Malcolm X was a prominent speaker for the Nation of Islam, a group that promoted Black pride, separation from white society, and sometimes supremacist views. The NOI provided education and support for Black communities. After making a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm became a Sunni Muslim, rejected racism and supremacy, and began preaching unity and equality.
