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OPTOM 101G > 3. Evolution of Vision > Flashcards

3. Evolution of Vision Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Vertebrates have __________ eyes

A

___________ have camera-type eyes

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2
Q

Invertebrates have _________ eyes, formed by __________

A

___________ have compound eyes, formed by ommatidia

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3
Q

Describe the structure of camera-type eyes (3 points)

A
  • Each eye has one lens
  • Light is absorbed in retina
  • Ciliary photoreceptors

What am I?

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4
Q

Describe the structure of compound eyes (3 points)

A
  • Many lenses, one for each ommatidia
  • Light is absorbed in rhabdomes
  • Rhabdomeric photoreceptors
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5
Q

Reverse card!

___________ have camera-type eyes

A

Vertebrates have __________ eyes

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6
Q

Reverse card!

___________ have compound eyes, formed by ommatidia

A

Invertebrates have _________ eyes, formed by __________

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7
Q

Reverse card!

  • Each eye has one lens
  • Light is absorbed in retina
  • Ciliary photoreceptors

What am I?

A

Describe the structure of camera-type eyes (3 points)

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8
Q

Reverse card!

  • Many lenses, one for each ommatidia
  • Light is absorbed in rhabdomes
  • Rhabdomeric photoreceptors
A

Describe the structure of compound eyes (3 points)

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9
Q

What is this? Name and define.

A
  • Rhabdomeric photoreceptor
  • Microvillar
  • The photoreceptor of invertebrates
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10
Q

What is this? Name and define.

A
  • Ciliary photoreceptor
  • Rods and cones
  • The photoreceptor of vertebrates.
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11
Q

Rhabdomeric photoreceptors correspond with ______ in evolutionary lineage.

A

__________ photoreceptors correspond with protosomes in evolutionary lineage.

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12
Q

Protosomes and deuterosomes separated how long ago?

A

These two lineages of animals separated 580 million years ago.

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13
Q

Name three types of animal that have ciliary AND rhabdomeric photoreceptors.

A
  • Lancelet
  • Some molluscs
  • Annelids

All have what?

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14
Q

Melanopsin

A

Pigment of rhabdomeric origin found in the human retina (less than 1% of ganglion cells). It tells us whether it’s night or day.

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15
Q

Describe a primitive form of spatial vision, e.g. the kind a starfish has.

A

____________ can be achieved by shielding photoreceptors from light with pigment epithelium. The eye can then detect what direction the light is coming from.

Many animals, like __________ have this kind of vision.

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16
Q

When did proper spatial vision and eyes appear?

A

____________ appeared during the Cambrian explosion, 503 million years ago.

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17
Q

When did vertebrate eyes evolve?

A

____________ evolved around 500 million years ago, before the separation of jawed and jawless vertebrates.

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18
Q

How do we know that the vertebrate eye evolved 500 million years ago?

A

The lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, has a similar retina structure to us. This means that _______________ years ago, before the seperation of jawed and jawless vertebrates.

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19
Q

_______ are the first animal with a photoreceptor structure similar to ours. They diverged from the ________, our evolutionary ancestors, ___________ years ago.

A

Tunicates (sea squits), are _______________. They diverged from the Craniates, our evolutionary ancestors, 550 million years ago.

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20
Q

How do we know that cones evolved before rods?

A

Lampreys have cones, but no rods. This tells us that ____________

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21
Q

The two routes of eye evolution in molluscs are _________. The only well known developed ________ eye is the ___________.

A

The lens route and the pinhole route are the ___________. The only well known developed pinhole eye is the Nautilus eye.

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22
Q

In terrestrial eyes, most refraction happens _________.

A

In __________ eyes, most refraction happens at the cornea.

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23
Q

In aquatic eyes, most refraction happens _________.

A

In __________ eyes, most refraction happens on the lens.

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24
Q

Terrestrial eyes have… (2 points)

A
  • Curved cornea
  • Oval lens

What am I?

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25
Aquatic eyes have... (2 points)
* flatter cornea * spherical lens
26
# Reverse card! \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ photoreceptors correspond with protosomes in evolutionary lineage.
Rhabdomeric photoreceptors correspond with ______ in evolutionary lineage.
27
# Reverse card! These two lineages of animals separated **580 million years ago**.
**Protosomes and deuterosomes** separated how long ago?
28
# Reverse card! * Lancelet * Some molluscs * Annelids All have what?
Name three types of animal that have **ciliary AND rhabdomeric photoreceptors**.
29
# Reverse card! Pigment of rhabdomeric origin found in the human retina (less than 1% of ganglion cells). It tells us whether it's night or day.
Melanopsin
30
# Reverse card! \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be achieved by shielding photoreceptors from light with pigment epithelium. The eye can then detect what direction the light is coming from. Many animals, like __________ have this kind of vision.
Describe a **primitive form of spatial vision**, e.g. the kind a **starfish** has.
31
# Reverse card! \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ appeared during the Cambrian explosion, 503 million years ago.
When did **proper spatial vision and eyes** appear?
32
# Reverse card! \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ evolved around 500 million years ago, before the separation of jawed and jawless vertebrates.
When did **vertebrate eyes** evolve?
33
# Reverse card! The lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, has a similar retina structure to us. This means that _______________ years ago, before the seperation of jawed and jawless vertebrates.
How do we know that **the vertebrate eye evolved 500 million years ago?**
34
# Reverse card! Tunicates (sea squits), are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They diverged from the Craniates, our evolutionary ancestors, 550 million years ago.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are the first animal with a photoreceptor structure similar to ours. They diverged from the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, our evolutionary ancestors, ___________ years ago.
35
# Reverse card! Lampreys have cones, but no rods. This tells us that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
How do we know that **cones evolved before rods**?
36
# Reverse card! The **lens route and the pinhole route** are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The only well known developed pinhole eye is the Nautilus eye.
The **two routes of eye evolution in molluscs** are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The only well known developed ________ eye is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
37
# Reverse card! In __________ eyes, most refraction happens at the **cornea**.
In **terrestrial eyes**, most refraction happens \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
38
# Reverse card! In __________ eyes, most refraction happens on the lens.
In **aquatic eyes**, most refraction happens \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
39
# Reverse card! * Curved cornea * Oval lens What am I?
Terrestrial eyes have... (2 points)
40
# Reverse card! * flatter cornea * spherical lens
Aquatic eyes have... (2 points)
41
Describe what is happening in this image.
In terrestrial eyes, most refraction happens at the cornea. But water has a high refractive index, so underwater, there's more refraction - and the light isn't focused on the retina, it's focused behind it, so underwater, things look blurry.
42
Describe what is happening in this image.
In aquatic eyes, most refraction happens on the lens. Because of the high refractive index of water, aquatic creatures have a lens with a lower radius of curvature, which bends light stronger, so that its focused on the retina. Out of water, vision would be blurry because the light would be focused in front of the retina.
43
How has the **rock pool fish** adapted to seeing in air and water?
Flat faced goggles in all directions. What am I?
44
How has the **diving duck** adapted to seeing in air and water?
Soft lens squishes through the iris when it dives to achieve higher curvature. What am I?
45
How has the **four-eyed fish** adapted to seeing in air and water?
It has two retinas (one that receives light from the air, and one that receives light from the water), and an oval lens that is flatter on the side above the water, and more curved on the side below the water. What am I?
46
High resolution usually requires large eyes because we need: 1. 2.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ usually requires ___________ because we need: 1. large focal distance 2. large pupil (to avoid diffraction, must be much larger than wavelength of light).
47
How do birds of prey achieve high resolution?
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by using a telescope that increases the effective focal distance.
48
Birds of prey have high spatial resolution in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The rest of the eye has normal spatial resolution.
Birds of prey have ___________ in the fovea. The rest of the eye has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
49
Owls have _________ eyes because \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This comes at the cost of periphery - they can't move their eyes more than a few degrees, so have to rotate their head instead.
Owls have tubular shaped eyes because spherical eyes with such a focal length would not fit in the head. This comes at the cost of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
50
Big eyes are good for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Horse eyes are very big, but the behavioural resolution of a horse eye is 2.5 times worse than that of a human.
Big eyes are good for increasing sensitivity, but they don't always mean good vision. Horse eyes are very big, but the _______________ of a horse eye is ___________ than that of a human.
51
Why is the **optical design of compound eyes** inferior to the **optical design of camera-type eyes**?
Compound eyes have **many pupils,** and to achieve good resolution, **each pupil would need a large diameter**. To achieve **the resolution of a human eye**, the compound eye would have to have 2mm ommatidia, and it would be enormously **large**. This means that the _______________ is inferior to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
52
Describe an **apposition eye**.
* the photoreceptors of each ommatidium receive light exclusively from that ommatidium's lens. * Most diurnal insects have this type of eye. What am I?
53
Describe a **superposition eye**.
* light from many lenses is focused onto each photoreceptor, which dramatically increases light capture. * Most nocturnal insects have this type of eye. What am I?
54
What are **the two types of compound eyes**?
**Apposition** and **superposition** are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
55
What type of eye does a **dung beetle** have?
Name an insect with **superposition** eyes.
56
Three properties of **mantis shrimp** vision:
I have... * **Apposition eyes** * **12 dimensional colour vision** * The ability to see **linear and circular polarisation** What am I?
57
# Reverse card! Flat faced goggles in all directions. What am I?
How has the **rock pool fish** adapted to seeing in air and water?
58
# Reverse card! Soft lens squishes through the iris when it dives to achieve higher curvature. What am I?
How has the **diving duck** adapted to seeing in air and water?
59
# Reverse card! It has two retinas (one that receives light from the air, and one that receives light from the water), and an oval lens that is flatter on the side above the water, and more curved on the side below the water. What am I?
How has the **four-eyed fish** adapted to seeing in air and water?
60
# Reverse card! \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ usually requires ___________ because we need: 1. large focal distance 2. large pupil (to avoid diffraction, must be much larger than wavelength of light).
High resolution usually requires large eyes because we need: 1. 2.
61
# Reverse card! \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ by using a telescope that increases the effective focal distance.
How do birds of prey achieve high resolution?
62
# Reverse card! Birds of prey have ___________ in the fovea. The rest of the eye has \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Birds of prey have high spatial resolution in the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. The rest of the eye has normal spatial resolution.
63
# Reverse card! Owls have tubular shaped eyes because spherical eyes with such a focal length would not fit in the head. This comes at the cost of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Owls have _________ eyes because \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This comes at the cost of periphery - they can't move their eyes more than a few degrees, so have to rotate their head instead.
64
# Reverse card! Big eyes are good for increasing sensitivity, but they don't always mean good vision. Horse eyes are very big, but the _______________ of a horse eye is ___________ than that of a human.
Big eyes are good for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, but \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Horse eyes are very big, but the behavioural resolution of a horse eye is 2.5 times worse than that of a human.
65
# Reverse card! Compound eyes have **many pupils,** and to achieve good resolution, **each pupil would need a large diameter**. To achieve **the resolution of a human eye**, the compound eye would have to have 2mm ommatidia, and it would be enormously **large**. This means that the _______________ is inferior to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Why is the **optical design of compound eyes** inferior to the **optical design of camera-type eyes**?
66
# Reverse card! * the photoreceptors of each ommatidium receive light exclusively from that ommatidium's lens. * Most diurnal insects have this type of eye. What am I?
Describe an **apposition eye**.
67
# Reverse card! * light from many lenses is focused onto each photoreceptor, which dramatically increases light capture. * Most nocturnal insects have this type of eye. What am I?
Describe a **superposition eye**.
68
# Reverse card! **Apposition** and **superposition** are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
What are **the two types of compound eyes**?
69
# Reverse card! Name an insect with **superposition** eyes.
What type of eye does a **dung beetle** have?
70
# Reverse card! I have... * **Apposition eyes** * **12 dimensional colour vision** * The ability to see **linear and circular polarisation** What am I?
Three properties of **mantis shrimp** vision:
71
**Ciliary photoreceptors** correspond with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ photoreceptors correspond with **deuterosomes**.
72
# Reverse card! \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ photoreceptors correspond with **deuterosomes**.
**Ciliary photoreceptors** correspond with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

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