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Social Psychology > #3 Exam (book terms) > Flashcards

#3 Exam (book terms) Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Need for Affiliation?

A

Desire to establish and maintain many rewarding interpersonal relationships

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2
Q

Loneliness?

A

Feeling of deprivation about existing social relations

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3
Q

Mere Exposure effect?

A

Phenomenon whereby the more often people are exposed to a stimulus, the more positively they evaluate that stimulus

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4
Q

What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype?

A

Belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics

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5
Q

Matching Hypothesis?

A

Proposition that people are attracted to others who are similar in physical attractiveness

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6
Q

Reciprocity?

A

Mutual exchange between what we give and receive

-EX: Liking those who like us

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7
Q

Hard-to-get effect?

A

Tendency to prefer people who are highly selective in their social choices over those who are more readily available

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8
Q

Intimate Relationship?

A

Close relationship between two adults involving emotional attachment, fulfillment of psychological needs, or interdependence

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9
Q

Social Exchange Theory?

A

Perspective that views people as motivated to maximize benefits and minimize costs in their relationships with others

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10
Q

Equity Theory?

A

Theory that people are most satisfied with a relationship when the ratio between benefits and contributions is similar for both partners

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11
Q

Exchange relationship?

A

Relationship in which the participants expect and desire strict reciprocity in their interactions

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12
Q

Communal Relationship?

A

Relationship in which the participants expect and desire mutual responsiveness to each other’s needs

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13
Q

Attachment Style?

A

Way a person typically interacts with significant others

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14
Q

Triangular Theory of Love?

A

Theory proposing that love has three basic components:
-Intimacy
-Passion
-Commitment
that can be combined to produce eight subtypes

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15
Q

Passionate Love?

A

Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection

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16
Q

Companionate Love?

A

Secure, trusting, stable partnership

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17
Q

Excitation Transfer?

A

Process whereby arousal caused by one stimulus is added to arousal from a second stimulus and the combined arousal is attributed to the second stimulus

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18
Q

Self-disclosure?

A

Revelations about the self that a person makes to others

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19
Q

Sexual Orientation?

A

Person’s preference for members of the same sex (homo), opposite sex (hetero), or both sexes (bi)

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20
Q

Prosocial Behaviors?

A

Actions intended to benefit others

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21
Q

Kin Selection?

A

Preferential helping of genetic relatives, which results in the greater likelihood that genes held in common will survive

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22
Q

Empathy?

A

Understanding or vicariously experiencing another individual’s perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual

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23
Q

Arousal: cost-reward model?

A

Proposition that people react to emergency situations by acting in the most cost-effective way to reduce the arousal of shock and alarm

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24
Q

Negative state relief model?

A

Proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness

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25
Egoistic?
Motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare
26
Altruistic?
Motivated by the desire to improve another's welfare
27
Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis?
Proposition that empathic concern for a person in need produces an altruistic motive for helping
28
Bystander effect?
Effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping
29
Pluralistic Ignorance?
State in which people in a group mistakenly think that their own individual thoughts, feelings, or behaviors are different from those of the others in the group
30
Diffusion of Responsibility?
Belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need
31
Audience Inhibition?
Reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers
32
Social Norm?
General rule of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval
33
Aggression?
Behavior intended to harm another individual
34
Proactive (Instrumental) Aggression?
Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end (also called instrumental aggression) -EX: mercenaries
35
Reactive (emotional) Aggression?
Aggressive behavior where the means and the end coincide; harm is inflicted for its own sake -EX: bullying
36
Social Learning Theory?
Theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments
37
Cycle of Violence?
Transmission of domestic violence across generations
38
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis?
The idea that: 1) Frustration always elicits the motive to aggress 2) All aggression is caused by frustration
39
Displacement?
Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access
40
Catharsis?
Reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual acts of aggression
41
Weapons Effect?
Tendency that the likelihood of aggression will increase by the mere presence of weapons
42
Hostile Attribution Bias?
Tendency to perceive hostile intent in others
43
Rumination?
In the context of aggression, rumination involves repeatedly thinking about and reliving an anger-induced event, focusing on angry thoughts and feelings, and perhaps even planning or imagining revenge
44
Desensitization?
Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus
45
Cultivation?
Process by which the mass media (particularly TV) construct a version of social reality for the public
46
Pornography?
Explicit sexual material
47
Weapon-focus effect?
Tendency for the presence of a weapon to draw attention and impair a witness's ability to identify the culprit
48
Own-Race Identification Bias?
Tendency for people to be more accurate at recognizing members of their own racial group than of other groups
49
Misinformation effect?
Tendency for false post-event misinformation to become integrated into people's memory of an event
50
Polygraph?
Mechanical instrument that records physiological arousal from multiple channels; it is often used as a lie-detector test
51
Voir Dire?
Pretrial examination of prospective jurors by the judge or opposing lawyers to uncover signs of bias
52
Peremptory Challenge?
Means by which lawyers can exclude a limited number of prospective jurors without the judge's approval
53
Scientific Jury Selection?
Method of selecting juries through surveys that yield correlations between demographics a trial-relevant attitudes
54
Death Qualification?
Jury-selection procedure used in capital cases that permits judges to exclude prospective jurors who say they would not vote for the death penalty
55
Jury Nullification?
Jury's power to disregard, or "nullify," the law when it conflicts with personal conceptions of justice
56
Leniency Bias?
Tendency for jury deliberation to produce a tilt towards acquittal
57
Sentencing Disparity?
Inconsistency of sentences for the same offense from one judge to another
58
Adversarial Model?
Dispute resolution system in which the prosecution and defense present opposing sides of the story
59
Inquisitorial Model?
Dispute resolution system in which a neutral investigator gather evidence from both sides and presents the findings in court
60
Empathic Joy?
The pleasure one has at seeing another person experience relief
61
Courageous Resistance?
Sustained and deliberate helping, which may lead to enormous costs -EX: hiding jews during the Holocaust
62
Moral hypocrisy?
People try to convince others that they are driven to help others when they really have selfish reasons
63
Overhelping?
helping someone who doesn’t need help for personal gain

Social Psychology (6 decks)

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