Exam review #1

Question 1

Define social psychology?

Answer 1

study of how individuals think, feel and behave in regard to people, and how individuals thoughts, feelings and behaviors are affected by people

Question 2

How does social psychology differ from sociology?

Answer 2

Social Psych= individual level

sociology= Group level

Question 3

Whats a theory? How is it evaluated (3 criteria)?

Answer 3

An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena.
Evaluated: simplicity, comprehensiveness, generativity

Question 4

Whats a hypothesis?

Answer 4

Testable prediction about the conditions under which an event will occur (If this happens, then that will happen)

Question 5

How does applied research differ from basic research?

Answer 5

Applied= to find solutions to practical problems
Basic= to test a specific hypothesis from a specific theory

Question 6

Conceptual vs. operational variables?

Answer 6

Conceptual= general form 
Operational= way to measure conceptual variable

EX: “Intoxication” “measured with breathalyzer”

Question 7

Experimental design?

Answer 7

Determines cause&effect relationships (does independent variable cause change in dependent variable) (either experimenter has control over events or participants are randomly assigned to conditions)

Question 8

Correlation design?

Answer 8

Represents strength of the relationship between two variables (positive, negative, or no correlation)

Question 9

Random sampling vs. random assignment?

Answer 9

R sampling= select random participants to be used in study

R assignment= assigning participants (who are already in study) to random conditions in study

Question 10

Define independent and dependent variable?

Answer 10

IndependentV= variable expected to cause outcome (can be controlled or manipulated)
dependentV= variable affected by independentV (relies on independentV, no control)

Question 11

Mundane vs. experimental realism?

Answer 11

Mundane= Degree to which experimental situation resembles places and events in real world
Experimental= Degree to which experiment makes participants behave naturally

Question 12

What are the ABC’s of the self?

Answer 12

Affect= self-esteem 
Behavior= self-presentation 
Cognition= self-concept

Question 13

Self-concept?

Answer 13

sum total of an individual’s beliefs about their own personal attributes

Question 14

self-schema?

Answer 14

Belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self-relevant info (EX: wrestlers are schematic with respect to weight)

Question 15

Cocktail Party Effect?

Answer 15

tendency for people to pick out personally relevant stimulus, like your name across a noisy room

Question 16

Sources of self-concept? (5)

Answer 16

1. Introspection
2. Perceptions of our own behavior
3. Other people
4. Autobiographical memories
5. Culture

Question 17

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic motivation? Overjustification Effect?

Answer 17

In= Inner motivation for personal benefit (challenge, enjoyment)
Ex= External factors for motivation (money, grades)
OJ Effect= Tendency for In-motivation to diminish when Ex-motivation is added to an activity

Question 18

Facial Feedback Hypothesis?

Answer 18

Hypothesis that if you change facial expression, then your mood will correspondingly change

Question 19

Individualistic vs. collectivistic cultures?

Answer 19

Indi= Personal goals come before group goals
(wrestling: my match > dual)
Coll= Group goals come before personal goals
(football: win game > my stats)

Question 20

Self-Discrepancy Theory?

Answer 20

Self-esteem reflects the match/mismatch between how we see ourselves and how we WANT to see ourselves

Question 21

Self-Awareness Theory?

Answer 21

Theory that self-focused attention leads people to notice self-discrepancies, thereby motivating either an escape from self-awareness or a change in behavior

Question 22

Terror Management Theory?

Answer 22

Theory that humans cope with the fear of their own death by constructing worldwide views that help to preserve their self-esteem

Question 23

Private vs. public self-consciousness?

Answer 23

Private= Tendency to focus on inner thoughts and feelings
Public= Tendency to focus on outer public image

Question 24

Self-regulation?

Answer 24

When people control their thoughts, feelings, and behavior to achieve a personal or social goal

Question 25

Ironic Processes?

Answer 25

Becoming so self-focused that pressure makes you stiffen up (athlete "choking")

Question 26

Self-Handicapping?

Answer 26

Behaviors designed to sabotage one's own performance in order to provide an excuse for failure

Question 27

Self-serving cognitions? | Basking in Reflective Glory (BIRG) vs. Downward Social Comparison?

Answer 27

``` SSC= People tend to take credit for success and distnce themselves from failure BIRG= Associating with successful people to increase your own self-esteem DSC= Defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than us ```

Question 28

Self-presentation?

Answer 28

Strategies people use to shape what others think of them

Question 29

Self-verification? Self-monitoring? Ingratiation? Self-promotion?

Answer 29

SV= Desire to have others perceive us as we truly perceive ourselves SM= Tendency to regulate one's own behavior to meet the demands of the situation Ingr=Acts motivated by the desire to get along with others and be liked SP= Acts motivated by the desire to get ahead and gain respect

Question 30

Social perception?

Answer 30

General term for the process by which people come to understand one another

Question 31

Attribution Theory? | Personal vs. situational attribution?

Answer 31

Att theory=Group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior Pers= Internal factors (ability, mood, effort) Sit= External factors (task, other people, luck)

Question 32

Covariation principle?

Answer 32

Principle of attribution theory that says that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not

Question 33

Parts of Kelly's Covariation Theory? (3)

Answer 33

1. Consensus 2. Consistency 3. Distinctiveness

Question 34

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)?

Answer 34

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors

Question 35

Availability Heuristic?

Answer 35

Tendency to estimate the odds that an event will occur by how easily instances of it pop to mind

Question 36

False-Consensus Effect?

Answer 36

Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share my opinions, attributes, and behaviors

Question 37

Counterfactual Thinking?

Answer 37

Tendency to be influenced by made-up alternative outcomes

Question 38

Base-Rate Fallacy?

Answer 38

People are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates (EX: scared to fly even though "statistics" say it's safer than driving)

Question 39

Actor-Observer Bias?

Answer 39

Tendency to see other people's behavior as personally caused, while focusing on the role of the situational factors in explaining one's own behavior

Question 40

Self-Serving Attribution Bias?

Answer 40

Tendency to take personal credit for our success (internal attribution) but blame the situation (external attribution) for our failures

Question 41

Functions of nonverbal cues? (4)

Answer 41

1. Expressing emotion 2. Conveying attitudes 3. Communicating one's personality traits 4. Facilitating verbal communication to convey "I'm finished talking"

Question 42

Priming?

Answer 42

Tendency for recently used words to come to mind easily and influence the interpretation of new information

Question 43

Primacy Effect?

Answer 43

Tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more impact on impressions than information presented later

Question 44

Implicit Personality Theory?

Answer 44

Network of assumptions people make about the relationships among traits and behaviors

Question 45

Central traits?

Answer 45

Traits that exert a powerful influence on overall impressions

Question 46

Confirmation Bias?

Answer 46

Tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs

Question 47

Belief Perseverance?

Answer 47

Tendency to maintain beliefs even after they have been discredited

Question 48

Social Categorization?

Answer 48

Classification of persons into groups on the basis of common attributes

Question 49

Outgroup Homogeneity?

Answer 49

Tendency to assume that there is greater similarity among members of outgroups than among members of ingroups

Question 50

Realistic Conflict Theory? (Competition Based Prejudice)

Answer 50

Theory that hostility between groups is caused by direct competition for limited resources

Question 51

Illusory Correlation?

Answer 51

An overestimate of the association between variables that are only slightly or not at all correlated

Question 52

Jigsaw Classroom?

Answer 52

Cooperative learning method used to reduce racial prejudice through interaction in group efforts

Question 53

How do you measure Implicit Prejudice? (3 ways)

Answer 53

1. Implicit Association Test (IAT) 2. Bona Fide Pipeline 3. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI)