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APS 209: Animal behaviour > 3: feeding behaviour > Flashcards

3: feeding behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

what are predators and prey often locked into?

A

co-evolutionary struggle

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2
Q

what did Tinbergen observe about caterpillars and song birds?

A

if a new type of caterpillar in the woodland songbirds would barely bring them to the nest

  • once some were brought back would collect them at a greater rate
  • recognised the caterpillars and formed a search image
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3
Q

what did pietrewicz and Kamil do to test the search image hypotheses? (4)

A
  • operant conditioning used in captive blue jays
  • show them 16 slides of cryptic moths of either the same or 2 different species
  • birds improved when given one species but not 2
  • hard to build up a simultaneous search image
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4
Q

what is the skunk smell search image example?(4)

A
  • striped skunk is a nocturnal forager locating food by odor
  • let young skunks forage in enclosure
  • found food at greater distances as they gained experience
  • increased max distance that detect food
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5
Q

what is the lizard foraging evolutionary history? (3)

A
  • ancestral was ambush predator
  • 3 evolutionary events give rise to olfactory foraging
  • 1 event where olfactory reverted to ambush predation
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6
Q

what are the 2 animal groups as information centres?

A

social insects

other group living

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7
Q

what are features of the non social other group living groups? (4)

A
  • normally composed of mostly unrelated individuals
  • cooperation not favoured by kin selection
  • incidental communication with conspecifics
  • observing location of successful foragers
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8
Q

give some examples of how individuals benefit in foraging in groups as they can catch larger prey

A
  • wolves take moose
  • army ants take arthropods/other insect colonies
  • lions take wildebeests
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9
Q

what are features of social insect groups? (7)

A
  • composed of related individuals
  • cooperation favoured by kin
  • deliberate communication with nest mates
  • waggle dancing, direct leading, pheromone trails in ants
  • workers help by capturing prey such as in army ants
  • or by defending a food patch such as ants and some stingless bees
  • communicate location of food to nestmates
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10
Q
  • who discovered the waggle dance in bees?

- what are the 2 main types and the distances from food they are exhibited at?

A
  • Karl von Frisch
  • round dance (<50m)
  • figure of eight dance (>50m)
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11
Q

where are figure of eight waggle dances performed?

A

in the nest on vertical combs in the darkness of the hive/colony

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12
Q

what are the 2 things need for the waggles dance and explain each

A
  1. direction- angle from the vertical, matches the angle between the food source and the sun
  2. distance to food - indicated by how long the dance takes, duration correlated with distance
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13
Q

how did von Frisch test for bees communicating direction in their dances? (6)

A
  • in a fan test trained scout bees to fly to feeder F
  • returned to hive to perform dance
  • feeders of equal attractiveness places at 7 stations same distance from the hive but at different angles
  • counted recruits
  • more arrived at F location, directly straight from hive
  • bees are gaining information from the dance
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14
Q

how did von Frisch test for bees communicating distance in their dances? (4)

A
  • feeders placed in same direction but different distances from the hive
  • scout bees trained to feeder 750m from hive
  • more bees arrived at feeders close to advertised distance of 750m
  • after the dance recruits went most often to these feeders
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15
Q

how will honey bees oreintate on horizontal combs?

A

orientate to directional light source rather than gravity

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16
Q

how did the bees respond when directional information was removed?

A

if no directional light source from horizontal combs then they will dance in random directions

17
Q

when combs are vertical or horizontal do a larger proportion of recruits come to the advertised site?

A

vertical- more accurate determination of direction and easier location of site

18
Q

when may honeybees not be able to achieve fitness by dancing?

A

in summer

19
Q

in some coastal areas what do ospreys form and what is their usual prey?

A

loose gregarious nesting colonies

- shoaling fish in large groups

20
Q

how do informed ospreys compare to naive ospreys in their behaviour when searching for prey?

A
  • informed birds watch others and will follow the direction of those that return with fish
  • informed birds find fish faster
21
Q

how do barn swallows not gain help from companions?

A
  • unsuccessful foragers don’t follow successful ones

- their prey of insects are constantly moving so likely to have moved by the time they follow a previous nestmate

22
Q

how do army ants benefit from being in groups? what are 2 other examples?

A

small ants can capture larger prey by working together

  • female african lions
  • spotted hyenas
23
Q

why may in some cases solitary female lions do better alone than being in a group?

A

can eat the same as those in a group and do well when prey is scarce

24
Q

what was Creel and Creels study on why species may continue to hunt in groups even if they may gain less prey? (4)

A
  • measured weight of meat caught and cost from distance run when hunting in African wild dogs
  • benefits from meat gain but costs from energy expended chasing prey
  • when in a group is less total energy expended by the group capturing prey and a greater net intake of calories
  • larger packs had an increased net energy gain
25
Q

NS should act strongly on foraging behaviour and what will an animal that forages have?

A

more offspring

26
Q

where is NS more and less likely to favour communication of food location?

A

more- eusocial

less- social

27
Q

when shown moths why can it be assumed that birds nervous system is constrained in some way?

A

can only detect one cryptic pattern and struggle when there is more than one type

28
Q

in cost benefit terms involving bird detection of moths, what should NS favour?

A

a bird becoming better at detecting common prey at the expense of becoming worse at detecting rare

29
Q

what are hypotheses for the advantage of nestmate honeybees indirectly cooperating in foraging by dancing to tell each other where flowers are?

A
  • find flower patches quicker
  • find better quality patches
  • take the greatest share of a food patch
30
Q

which is more likely to keep foraging:

  • a recruit that found a patch advertised by dance
  • scout that found a path themselves
A

recruit

31
Q

why is monopolization in honeybees difficult?

A

most flower patches are large and are often hundreds of colonies within the range of a patch

32
Q

what is the image motion hypothesis?

A

how honeybees use the speed that images pass their eyes during flight to estimate the distance flown

33
Q

in the honeybee waggle dance what 3 features increase with distance?

A
  • duration of waggle run
  • number of waggles
  • duration of sound pulses
34
Q

what does Apis florea build and how does it direct its waggle dance?

A

single vertical comb

towards direction of the food source

35
Q

in honeybees what does the direction of the waggle dance relate to?

A

the movement of the sun using the sun as a compass

36
Q

what did Gould 1975 prove possible?

A

to induce bees to misinterpret dances and search for food at a site they have never visited before

37
Q

in 2005 when Riley recorded the flights or recruit bees responding to waggle dances what did he find?

A

they fly very close to the direction indicated by the waggle run for about 200m and then they search more widely

38
Q

what evolutionary factor has allowed the genus Apis to develop large and complex colonies?

A

the fact their communication system confers a big selective advantage

APS 209: Animal behaviour (25 decks)

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