3. Human Metabolism Flashcards
(25 cards)
In actively contracting skeletal muscle under aerobic conditions, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the pathway of glycolysis where
in the cytosol
In actively contracting skeletal muscle under aerobic conditions, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the pathway of glycolysis in the cytosol with the net production of
2 molecules of ATP , 2 molecules of pyruvate and 2 molecules of NADH.
ATP is the energy carrier molecule and its structure comprises of what 3 things
an adenosine residue attached to a ribose sugar, and three serially bonded phosphate groups .
how is ADP formed from ATP
The removal of the terminal phosphate group of ATP, by breakage of a phosphoanhydride bond to generate adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate ion
what is the end product of glycolysis
pyruvate
where is pyruvate converted into Acetyl CoA
in the mitochondrial membrane
what converts pyruvate into Acetyl Coenzyme A
pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) - this is a multi enzyme complex
Acetyl-Coenzyme A is a 2 carbon compound that enters the citric acid cycle to produce what 2 things and how many of them
3 NADH and 1 FADH2.
NADH feeds its electrons into where on the electron transport chain
complex I of the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane
what does NADH produce
2 molecules of NAD+ and 2 molecules of water.
For each 2 electrons transferred to O2, how many protons are pumped out by each complex 1, 3 and 4
4 protons are pumped out by Complex I, 4 by Complex III, and 2 by Complex IV.
How much ATP is produced by the uptake and full oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose via glycolysis, PDH and the TCA cycle in a cell? Show your working.
GLYCOLYSIS:
- produces 2 ATP
- also produces 2 NADH (5 ATP)
LINK REACTION:
- also produces 2 NADH (5 ATP)
TCA/Kreb’s Cycle
- 6 NADH (15 ATP)
- 2 ATP
- 2 FADH (yields 3 ATP)
total ATP yield = 32
How much ATP is produced from the uptake and oxidation of 1
molecule of palmitic acid [CH3(CH2)14COOH] in a cell?
-> 7 cycles of B oxidation occurs, producing =
- 7 NADH
- 7 FADH2
- 8 Acetyl CoA (this produces in the citric cycle: 8 GTP, 8 FADH2, 24 NADH)
total NADH = 31 = 77.5 ATP
total FADH2 = 15 = 22.5 ATP
8 GTP = 8 ATP
=108 ATP
which ones are substrates
Dinitrophenol
Succinate
Cyanide
Malate
Antimycin A
Oligomycin
Rotenone
Ascorbate
Malate
Succinate
Ascorbate
Which ones are inhibitors
Dinitrophenol
Succinate
Cyanide
Malate
Antimycin A
Oligomycin
Rotenone
Ascorbate
Dinitrophenol
Cyanide
Antimycin A
Oligomycin
Rotenone
what carries nutrients from intestine to the liver
the portal vein
what organ transports ions to maintain membrane potential.
the brain
what system carries lipids from intestine to liver.
lymphatic system
what absorbs nutrients from diet and moves them into blood system.
small intestine
what processes fats, carbohydrates and proteins from diet; synthesises lipids and ketone bodies; converts nitrogen in urea
liver
what synthesises and stores triacylglycerols.
adipose tissue
When the diet is rich in protein, hepatocytes do what
synthesise more of the enzymes needed for amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis.
Adipose tissue, muscle, and the gastrointestinal tract release what hormones
peptide hormones that act on other tissues or in the central nervous system
do redox energy pumps protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the matrix
no it is from the matrix into the intermembrane space.
