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+PSY 120 > 3 - Neuroscience and Behaviour > Flashcards

3 - Neuroscience and Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

cells in nerv syst that comm with one another to perform infro processing tasks

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2
Q

Components of Neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, meylin sheath, glial cells, synapse

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3
Q

Soma

A

cell body, largest comp. coordinates info process tasks and keeps cell alive through protein synth, energy prod, metabolism. has nucleus

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4
Q

dendrites

A

recieve info from other neurons and relay to cell body

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5
Q

axon

A

carries info to other neurons, muscles, or glands, can stretch up to a meter

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6
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulating layer of fatty material. without myelin, transmission of info slows down

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7
Q

glial cells

A

support cells found in nerv. system. so many, perfomring diff tasks (digest parts of dead neurons, provide physical and nutritional supports for neurons, form myelin)

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8
Q

synapse

A

the junction or region between the axon of one neuron and dendrite/cell body of another

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9
Q

Major types of neurons

A

sensory, motor, interneurons

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10
Q

sensory neurons

A

recieve info from external world and convery this info to brain via spinal cord

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11
Q

motor neurons

A

carry signals from spinal cord to muscles to produce movement

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12
Q

interneurons

A

connect sensory neurons, motor neurons, or other interneurosn. most of nerv. syst. made up of these.

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13
Q

conduction

A

movement of elec. sig. within neurons, from dendrites to fcell body throughout axon

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14
Q

transmission

A

movement of electric signals from one neuron to another over synapse

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15
Q

electrochemical action

A

conduction + transmission

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16
Q

resting potential

A

difference in elect charge between inside and outside of neuron’s cell membran

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17
Q

which ions are inside the neuron, which are outside?

A

K+ and A- (protein) inside

Na+ and Cl- outside

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18
Q

action potential process

A

resting: k+ can flow freely, Na+ kept inside, negative charge on inside
action: K+ channels close and Na+ opens, Na+ rushes in, increases the positive charage inside the axon (rel. to outside), triggering action potential
back to resting: imbalance in ions reversed by pump, moves Na+ outside the neuron and K+ inside

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19
Q

action potential

A

an electric signal that is conducted along the length of a neuron’s axon to the synapse

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20
Q

all or none

A

action potential is either there or it’s not

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21
Q

refractory period

A

time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

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22
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

breaks between the clumps of myelin

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23
Q

saltatory conduction

A

electric current passes down length of myelinated acon, charge jumps from node to node rather than transverse the entire axon, helps speed the flow of info

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24
Q

terminal buttons

A

knob like structures that branch out from an axon

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25
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals contianed within vesicles that transmit info across the sunapse to a recieving neuron’s dendrites

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26
Q

receptors

A

parts of the cell membrane that recieve neurotransmitters and either intitate or prevent a new electric sign

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27
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

recieving neuron

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28
Q

synaptic transmission

A

allows neurons to communicate with one anothr

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29
Q

describe process of synaptic transmission

A

action potential down acon, stim. release of neurontransmitters from besicles, nt released into synapse, bind with receptors sites on dendrite of ps neuron, initiate ap, nt cleared out of synapse by reuptake into the senidng neuron, broken down by enzymes in syapse, or binding autoreceptors on the sending neron

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30
Q

ACh

A

acetylcholine; nt incolved in many functions, including voluntary motor control

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31
Q

dopamine

A

nt that regulates motor behaviour, motivation, pleasure, emotional arousal

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32
Q

glutamate

A

major excitatory nt in the brain

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33
Q

GABA

A

gamma-aminobutyric acid; primary inhibatory nt in brain

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34
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter that is particularily incolved in states of vigilance, heightened awareness of dangers in the environment

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35
Q

serotonin

A

nt that is involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefullness, eating and agrressive behaviour

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36
Q

endorphins

A

chemicals that act iwhtin the pain pathways and emotion centers of the brain

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37
Q

agonists

A

drugs that increase action of nt

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38
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that block the funtion of nt

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39
Q

L-dopa

A

developed to treat parkinsons, acts as agonist for dopamine, long time users see decrease in effectiveness

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40
Q

Amphetamine

A

drug that stimulates the release of norephinephrine and dopamine, prevent reuptake of them

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41
Q

cocaine

A

prevents reuptake of norephinephrine and dopamine

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42
Q

Methamphetamine

A

variant of amphetamine, affects pathways for dopamine, seretonin, norepinephrine in synapse; combined effect of agonist and antagonist alters function of nt and sometimes results in strange hallucinations

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43
Q

Prozac

A

commonly used to treat depression, agonist, blocks reuptake of nt serotonin. part of category of SSRI (selective seretonin reuptake inhibitors)

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44
Q

beta blockers

A

obstruct receptor site for norpinephrine in the heart

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45
Q

Propranalol

A

beta blocker

46
Q

Nervous systems

A

interacting network of neurons that coveys electrochemical info throughout th ebody

47
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system, composed of brain and spinal cord

48
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system, conenects the CNS to body’s organs and muscles

49
Q

subdivisions of PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous sytems

50
Q

somatic nervous system

A

conveys info between voluntary muslces and CNS

51
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

carries involuntary and automatic commads that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands

52
Q

subdivisions of ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

53
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

set of nerves that prepares body for action in challneging or threatenng situations

54
Q

paraympathetic nervous systme

A

helps body return to normal resting state

55
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

simple pathways in nervous systems that repidly generate muscle contractons

56
Q

Hindbrain

A

area of brain that coordinates info coming in and out of spinal cord, control sbasic function of life like breathing, alterness, and motor skills

57
Q

Medulla

A

extension of the spinal cord into the skull that coordinates heart rate circulation, and repsiration

58
Q

reticular fomation,

A

regulates sleep, wakefulness and levels of arousal

59
Q

cerebellum

A

a large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills

60
Q

pons

A

a structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain (means bridge in Latin)

61
Q

Midbrain (and parts of)

A

relatively small in humans, tetum and tegmentum

62
Q

tectum

A

orinets an organism in the environment. recieves stimulus input from eyes, ear, skin and moves the organism in coordinated way towards the stimulus (turning towards a door when you hear the door click)

63
Q

tementum

A

involved in movement and arousal, also helps orinet an organism toward sensory stimuli

64
Q

Can you live with only the hind and mid brain?

A

yes. hindbrain = bodily functions necessary to sustain life, midbrain would orient you toward/away pleasurable/threatening stimuli in environment

65
Q

forebrain

A

highest leel of brain, conrtols complex cognitive, emotional, sensory, and motor functions

66
Q

divisions of forebrain

A

cerebral cortex and subcortical structures

67
Q

cerebral cortext

A

outermost layer of brain, visible to the naked eye, and divided into two hemispheres

68
Q

subcortical structures

A

areeas of the forebrain housed under the cerebral cortex near the center of the brain

69
Q

Thalamus

A

relays and filters information from the senses and transmits the information to the cerebral cortex

70
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(hypo = under in Greek) regultes body temp, hunger, thirst, sexual beahiour. small in size

71
Q

pituitary gland

A

msater gland of the body’s hormone producing system, which releases hormons that direct the dunctions of many other glands in the body

72
Q

subcoritcal structures

A

[thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary] [limbic system] [basal ganglia]

73
Q

limbic system

A

a group of forebrain structures including the hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, which are involved in motivation, emtion, learning, and memory

74
Q

hippocampus

A

(latin for sea horse, due to its shape), critical for creating new memories and integrating them into a network of knowledge so that they can be storied indefinitely in other parts of the cervral cortex

75
Q

amygdala

A

(latin for almond, due to its shape), located at the tip of each horn of the hippocampus, plays a central role in many emotional processes, particularily the formation of emotional memories

76
Q

basal ganglia

A

set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements.

77
Q

striatum

A

involved in control of posture and movement

78
Q

gyrus

A

smooth surgaces of the cortext - the raised part (gyri = pl)

79
Q

sulcus

A

indentations or fissures of the cortex (sulci = pl)

80
Q

Newspaper analogy

A

more surface area fits in small space in crumpled newspaper vs flat newspaper

81
Q

contralteral control

A

right cerebral hemisphere perceives stimuli from and control movements on left side of body, vice versa

82
Q

commissures

A

bundles of axons that make possible communivation between parallel areas of the cortex in each hald

83
Q

corpus callosum

A

largest commissures, connects large areas of the cerebral cortex on each side of the brain and supports communication of information across the hemispheres

84
Q

occipital lobe

A

located at back of cerebreal corex, processes visual info

85
Q

parietal lobe

A

in front of occipital lobe, carries out functions that include processing information about touch

86
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

strip of brain tissues running from the top of brain down to side in the parietal lobe, each part maps onto a particular part of the body. body area = more sensitive, then more somatosensory cortex is devoted to it

87
Q

homunculus

A

(little man), bdoy parts renderd according to how much of the somatosnsory cortex is deovted to them

88
Q

motor cortex

A

parallel strip of brain tissue directly in front of the somatosensory cortex in frontal lobe, initiates voluntary moevements and sends messages to the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and spinal cord. like somatrosensory cortex,, certain areas corespond with different body parts

89
Q

temporal lobe

A

lower side of hemisphere, responsible for hearing and language

90
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

temporal lobe, analogous to somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe and the primary visual areas of occipital lobe. recieves senosry info from ears based on frequencies of sounds.

91
Q

frontal lobe

A

sits behind forehead, specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement

92
Q

association areas

A

composed of neurons that help provide sense and meaning to information registered in the cortex

93
Q

mirror neurons

A

active when an animal performs a behaviour such as reaching for or manipulating an object, and are also activated when another animal observes that animal performing the same behaviour

94
Q

plasticity

A

the capacity of the sensory cortices for adaption to changes in senosry inputs

95
Q

Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

A

Broca - patient lost capacity to produce spoken language (but not understand it) due to damage to small area in left frontal lobe
Wenicke - impairment in language comprehension (but to production of) due to damage to area in upper-left temporal lobe
provided earliest evidence that brain locations for speech production and comprehension are separate, and that for most people, the left hemisphere is crtical to producing and understanding language

96
Q

Phineas Gage

A

Rod through lower left jaw, exit through middle of top of head. Before accident, had been mild, quiet, conscientious, hard worker
After accident, irritable, irresponsible, indecisive, prone to profanity
Allowed researchers to investigate the hypothesis that the frontal lobe is involved in emoiton regulation, planning, and deciision making
Better able to understand how the amyfdala, hippocampus, and related brain structures interacted with the cerebral cortex

97
Q

Seizures

A

one hemisphere cross the corpus callosum to the opposite hemisphere and starts a feedback loop that results in a kind of firestorm in the brain

98
Q

Split brain procedure

A

cutting the corpus callosum, thereby isolating each hemisphere; produces some unusual behaviours

99
Q

EEG

A

electroencephalograph, used to record electrical activity in the brain

100
Q

feature dectecotrs

A

selectively respond to certain aspects of a visual image

101
Q

Structural brain imaging

A

provides information about the basic structure of the brain, allows clinicians or researchers to see abnormalities in the brain structure

102
Q

functional brain imaging

A

provides information baout the activity of the brain when people perform various kinds of cognitive or motor tasks

103
Q

CT

A

computerized axial tomography scan; scanner rotates a device around head and takes series of Xray photos from different angles, usually used to locate lesions or tumours

104
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging; strong magnetic field to line up the nuclei of specific moleculres in the brain tissue. pulses of radio waves cause the nuclei to rotate out of alignment. When pulse ends, nclei snaps back in line with mgnetic field and gives off small amount of energy. can produce better pictures of soft tissue, gives picture of strucutre of brain and localize brain damae, but revelas nothng about the function so fbrain

105
Q

DTI

A

Diffusion tensor imaging; type of MRI used to visualize white matter pathways, which are fibre bundles that connect both nearby and sitant brain regions to one another. Measures the rate and direction of diffusion or movement of water molecules along white matter pathways. Diffusion of water molecules follows direction of pathway. can also measure the rate and direction of diffusion to asses integrity of white matter pathway

106
Q

PET

A

positron emission tomography; radioactive substance is inhected into bloodstream, brain is scanned by raiation detectors while person performs perceptual or cognitive tasks such as reading or speaking. areas of brain that are activated during these tasks demand more energy and greater blood flower, resulting in a hgher amount of radioactivity

107
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging; detcts the differencebetween oxygenated hemoglobin and deoxygenated hemoglobin when exposed to magnetic pulses. shows level of activation in each brain area.

108
Q

advantages of fMRI vs PET

A

does not require any exposure to radioactive substance, can localize changes in brain activity across briefer periods, which means it is more useful when analyzing quicker processes like reading a word or recognizing a face

109
Q

resting state functional connectivity

A

measures the extent to which spontaneous activity in different brain regions is correlated over time. brain regions whose activity is highly correlated to each other are thought to be functionally connected with one another

110
Q

brain networks

A

sets of brain regions that are closely connected to one another

111
Q

default network

A

a group of interconnected regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes that is involved in internally focused cognitive activities like remembering past events, imagining future ones, daydreaming, and mind wandering

112
Q

TMS

A

transcranial megnetic stimulation; mimics brain damage with benign technique. delivers magnetic pulse that passes through skill and deactivates neurons in cerebral cortex for short period

+PSY 120 (9 decks)

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