3. Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight

Question 1

What causes hypoglycaemia?

Answer 1

Plasma glucose below 2.8mM

Question 2

How does ATP release energy?

Answer 2

The phosphodiester bond between beta and gamma glucose is broken to relese energy

Question 3

How is ATP produced?

Answer 3

Oxidation of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and alcohol

Question 4

What is the unit of food energy?

Answer 4

Kilojoule (kJ)

Question 5

How many kilojoules are needed to raise the temperature of 1kg of water by 1 degree celcius?

Answer 5

4.2kJ (1Kcal)

Question 6

What are the 7 components of diet?

Answer 6

• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Lipid
• Fibre
• Vitamins
• Minerals
• Water

Question 7

Why is fibre important?

Answer 7

For norml function of the GI tract

Question 8

What diet components provide energy?

Answer 8

• Mainly carbohydrates
• Protein
• Fats

Question 9

What are the 7 main dietary carbohydrates?

Answer 9

• Starch
• Glycogen
• Glucose
• Sucrose
• Fructose
• Lactose
• Maltose

Question 10

Why do proteins need to be broken down during digestion?

Answer 10

If they arent broken down they’ll produce toxic ammonia into the blood

Question 11

What are the 9 essential amino acids that must be obtained from diet?

Answer 11

• Isoleucine
• Lysine
• Threonine
• Histidine
• Leucine
• Methionine
• Phenyalanine
• Tryptophan
• Valine

Question 12

What are ‘high quality’ proteins and where can you get them?

Answer 12

Protein sources that contains all essential amino acids. Protein of animal origin

Question 13

What are lower quality proteins and where can they be found?

Answer 13

Protein sources that are deficient in atleast one essential amino acid. Proteins of plant origin

Question 14

What are triglycerides composed of?

Answer 14

3 fatty acids esterified to one glycerol

Question 15

What are saturated lipids and state one property?

Answer 15

Lipids containing no C=C bonds. Liquid at room temperature

Question 16

What are unsaturated fatty acids and state one property?

Answer 16

Lipids containing atleast 1 C=C. Solid at room temperature

Question 17

State one energy property of lipids

Answer 17

Contain less oxygen than carbohydrates and proteins, so releases more energy as they are more reduced

Question 18

Why are triglycerols requirede for digestion?

Answer 18

Required for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the gut

Question 19

Why are electrolytes essential in our diet?

Answer 19

To establish ion gradients across membranes

To maintain water balance

Question 20

Name 2 properties of vitamins

Answer 20

Fat soluble

Water soluble

Question 21

What disease is caused by a deficiency in vitamin B12?

Answer 21

Anaemia

Question 22

What disease is caused by a deficiency in vitamin C?

Answer 22

Scurvy

Question 23

What disease is caused by a deficiency in niacin?

Answer 23

Pellagra

Question 24

What foods are dieatary fibres found in?

Answer 24

Cereal foods e.g. bread, beans, fruit, veg

Question 25

What symptoms are associated with a low fibre diet?

Answer 25

Constipation | Bowel cancer

Question 26

What disease risks are reduced through a high fibre diet?

Answer 26

Cholesterol | Diabetes

Question 27

What factors influence the body's energy requirements?

Answer 27

Age Gender Body composition Physical activity

Question 28

What is the basal metabolic rate?

Answer 28

The metabolism required to maintain the resting activities of the body.

Question 29

What are the resting activities of the body?

Answer 29

Maintenance of cells Function of organs Maintaining body temperature

Question 30

What factors affect your basal metabolic rate?

Answer 30

Body size - surface area Gender - Males have more muscle, so higher BMR Environment - influences body temp Body temp - BMR increase 12% per degree Endocrine status - BMR increase in hyperthyroidism

Question 31

What are your intermediate energy stores?

Answer 31

Carbohydrate stores

Question 32

What are your long term energy stores?

Answer 32

Adipose1

Question 33

Define obesity

Answer 33

Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue stores which impairs health

Question 34

How do you work out BMI?

Answer 34

Weight/(Height)^2

Question 35

What is an alternative measure ot determine if patients are a healthy weight?

Answer 35

Waist/hip ratio

Question 36

Above what waist/hip ratio are ment considered obese?

Answer 36

0.9

Question 37

What increased risks are associated with an increased proportion of body fat on the upper body rather than the hips?

Answer 37

``` Hypertension Stroke Type 2 diabetes Insulin resistance Premature death ```

Question 38

What is oedema?

Answer 38

Retention of fluid

Question 39

What causes Kwashiorkor?

Answer 39

A diet with normal energy levels but low levels of protein