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Medical Cell Biology & Genetics > Energy Reactions in Cells > Flashcards

Energy Reactions in Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Define metabolism

A

Meabolism is the set of processes which derive energy and raw materials from food stuffs and use them to support repair, growth and activity of the tissues of the body to sustain life

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2
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

A metabolic pathway that breaks down larger molecules into smaller more manageable chemical entities that can be converted

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3
Q

State 2 characteristics of catabolic pathways

A

1) releases large amounts of free energy

2) oxidative

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4
Q

What is an anabolic pathway?

A

Biosynthetic pathways that synthesise larger cellular components from intermediate metabolites

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5
Q

State 2 characteristics of anabolic pathways

A

1) Uses energy (ATP) released from catabolism

2) Reductive (uses H+ released in catabolism)

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6
Q

What is the energy from catabolic metabolism used for?

A
  • building block materials
  • organic precursors
  • biosynthetic reducing power
  • energy for cell function
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7
Q

Define energy

A

The capacity to do work

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of work?

A

1) Biosynthetic work
2) Transport work
3) Specialised functions

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9
Q

What is biosynthetic work?

A

The synthesis of cellular components (e.g. proteins, storage molecules, etc)

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10
Q

What is transport work?

A

Work involving the membrane; maintenance of the ion gradient & nutrient uptake

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

The energy required by an wake individual during physical, digestive and emotional rest at 18 degrees celcius (includes all body tissues)

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12
Q

What effects the amount of energy needed for activity?

A

The type, intensity and duration of activity (only includes heart and skeletal muscle)

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13
Q

What is the specific dynamic action of food?

A

The energy cost of ingestion, digestion and absorption of food

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14
Q

Why do we need energy?

A
  • to carry out basic metabolic reactions
  • during activity
  • muscular activity
  • energy lost as heat
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15
Q

What happens to energy when energy intake > energy required?

A

Excess energy is stored:

  • for growth and synthesis of new tissue
  • production of adipose tissue
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16
Q

What happens when energy intake < energy required?

A

Tissue is lost

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17
Q

What is the average dietary intake?

A

Carbohydrates - 15%
Proteins - 5%
Lipids - 8%

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18
Q

What is primary lactase deficiency?

A

Absence of the lactase persistence allele

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19
Q

In what people does primary lactase deficiency occur in?

A

Adults

20
Q

What is secondary lactase deficiency?

A

Lactase deficiency caused by injury to the samll intestine

21
Q

In what people can secondary lactase deficiency occur in?

A

Adults and children

22
Q

Is primary lactase deficiency reversible?

A

No

23
Q

Is secodary lactase deficiency reversible?

A

Yes, fix primry issue

24
Q

What is congenital lactase deficiency?

A

Autosomal recessive defect in lactase gene

25
Q

What are symptoms of lactase deficiency?

A

Diarrhoea
Vomiting
Rumbling stomach

26
Q

Where are GLUT2 transport proteins used?

A

Kidney
Liver
Small intestine
Pancreatic Beta cells

27
Q

Where are GLUT4 transport proteins used?

A

Insulin regulation
Striated muscle
Adipose tissue

28
Q

When is pyruvate converted into lactate?

A

low 02 conditions

NAD+ deficiency

29
Q

When does lactic acidosis occur?

A

Plasma lactate concentration > 5mM

30
Q

When does hyperlactaemia occur?

A

Plasma lactate concentraion between 2-5mM

31
Q

How does fructose intolerance occur?

A

Aldolase B missing

32
Q

What are the effects of fructose intolerance?

A

Fructose-1-phosphate accumulates in the liver, causing liver damage

33
Q

What is galactosaemia?

A

The bodies inability to use galactose, casusing a build up of galactose and/or galactose-1-phosphate

34
Q

What is a symptom of galactosaemia and how is it caused?

A

Clouding of the eye lens:
Galactose undergoes a different pathway to form galactitol which uses NADH
NADH needed to keep disulfide bridges in their reduced form, not occuring so loss of structural and functional integrity

35
Q

What occurs if galactose-1-phosphate builds up?

A

Liver damage

36
Q

What is covalent modification?

A

phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, altering protein structure, altering activity

37
Q

What is product inhibition?

A

When there is enough product so the product feeds back up the pathway and binds to a regulatory site on the first step to inhibit it

38
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

A build up in ATP or NADH feeds back and inhibits the pathway

39
Q

What is the committing step?

A

The step at which a substrate must go all the way down its pathway

40
Q

What is the hormones/products regulates glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

NADH

41
Q

How is phosphofructokinase regulated?

A 
Allosteric regulation:
Stimulated by AMP
Inhibited by ATP
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Citrate
H+

Hormonal regulation:
Stimulated by insulin, dephosphorylates PFK
Inhibited by glucagon, phosphorylated by glucagon

42
Q

What hormones regulate pyruvate kinase?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

43
Q

What metabolite regulates hexokinase?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

44
Q

What is the committing step in glycolysis?

A

3 - PFK

45
Q

What factors inhibit Pyruvate Dehydrogenase?

A

Acetyle CoA
NADH
ATP
Citrate

46
Q

What 2 enzymes regulate the TCA Cycle?

A

alpha-ketogluterate dehydrogenase

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

Medical Cell Biology & Genetics (4 decks)

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