3: Organic Molecules

Question 1

Isomers

Answer 1

molecules with same # and kinds of atoms but different chemical properties

(b/c different arrangements)

Question 2

Functional Group

Answer 2

specific combo of bonded atoms with same chemical propertiesand react in same way

Question 3

Biological Molecule categories (4)

Answer 3

1. carbs
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids

Question 4

Monomer

Answer 4

type of subunits in molecules

Question 5

Polymer

Answer 5

when many monomials join

Question 6

Carbohydrates

Answer 6

energy source, sugar molecules, sugar glucose (monomer of carb polymer)

Question 7

monosaccharide

Answer 7

single sugar molecule for energy, simple sugars

Question 8

Glucose

Answer 8

• stored for energy
• isomers: fructuse & galactose

Question 9

Ribose

Answer 9

energy found in nucleic acid (RNA, DNA)

Question 10

Disaccharide

Answer 10

• 2 mono saccharide bonded
• how sugars are usually transported

Question 11

Polysaccharide

Answer 11

• polymers of monosaccharides
• short-term energy storage molecules

Question 12

Starch

Answer 12

how plants store glucose

Question 13

Glycogen

Answer 13

• how animals store glucose
• highly branched

Question 14

How do animals store and release glucose?

Answer 14

Hormones (insulin) released by the pancreas which promotes storage as glycogen

Question 15

Cellulose

Answer 15

most abundant carb

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

• long-term energy storage
• i.e. fats & oils
• insoluble to water

Question 17

Glycerol

Answer 17

• subunit of fats and oils
• water soluble

Question 18

Fatty Acids

Answer 18

help form fats and oild when grouped with glycerol

Question 19

Triglycerides

Answer 19

when 3 fatty acids are attached to glycerol molecule

Question 20

Unsaturated fatty acids

vs

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 20

double bonds in carbon chain

no double bond

Question 21

Trans Fat

Answer 21

• contain fatty acids that have been partially hydrogenated (combined with hydrogen)
• make them more saturated and solid
• found in processed food

Question 22

Phospholipids

Answer 22

contain phosphate functional group

Question 23

Steroids

Answer 23

• lipids that possess carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings
• no fatty acids
• insoluble in water

Question 24

Cholesterol

Answer 24

• part of animal cell’s membrane
• precursor to sex hormones

Question 25

Functions of Proteins (6)

Answer 25

1. Support 2. Metabolism 3. Transport 4. Defense 5. Regulation 6. Motion

Question 26

Enzymes

Answer 26

* protein * bring reactants together * act as catalysts to speed up chem reactions

Question 27

Amino Acids

Answer 27

* monomer of protein polymer

Question 28

Peptide Bond & Polypeptide

Answer 28

1. covalent bond btwn 2 amino acids that make up proteins 2. chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds

Question 29

Primary Structure of Protein

Answer 29

sequence of amino acids

Question 30

Secondary Structure of Protein

Answer 30

wen parts of amino acid chain take on either a spiral (alpha helix) or accordian shape (beta pleated sheet)

Question 31

Tertiary Structure of Protein

Answer 31

* folded twisted secondary structure * held together interactions btwn R groups of amino acids * includes different interactions (ionic, hyrdogen, covalent)

Question 32

Fibrous Protein

Answer 32

* rod structure * sctructural role * i.e. Keratin, Collagen

Question 33

Globular Protein

Answer 33

* rounded, irregular 3-D shape * i.e. Enzymes

Question 34

What are the nucleic acids in cells

Answer 34

1. DNA 2. RNA

Question 35

DNA vs RNA

Answer 35

DNA: stores ggenetic info. Contains many genes that specify the sequence of amino acids in protein. Double stranded. RNA: helps translate DNA into protein. single stranded

Question 36

Nucleotide & its parts

Answer 36

* monomer of nuceic acid * 3 parts 1. phosphate 2. 5-carbon sugar 3. nitrogen base

Question 37

Nucleotide of DNA contains? (4)

Answer 37

1. Adenine 2. Guanine 3. Cytosine 4. Thymine

Question 38

What molecules create ATP?

Answer 38

* adenosine + 3 phosphates = ATP

Question 39

functional group of an amino acid determines?

Answer 39

its behavior

Question 40

Order of amino acid within a polypeptide determines?

Answer 40

its shape

Question 41

shape of a protein determines?

Answer 41

its function

Question 42

Structure & function of cells determined by?

Answer 42

types of proteins they contain

Question 43

DNA instructs?

Answer 43

sequence of amino acids in polypeptides

Question 44

Why do proteins of organisms differ?

Answer 44

because their genes differ