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Bio 11 > 4: Inside the Cell > Flashcards

4: Inside the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. all organisms are composed of cells
  2. cells come from preexisting cells
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2
Q

2 Types of cells

A
  1. Prokaryotic: no membrane bounded nucleus
  2. Eukaryotic: nucleus holding DNA
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3
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • Archaea & Bacteria
  • smaller, simpler
  • reproduce quickly
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4
Q

Bacterial Structure

A
  • Cell wall
  • capsule
  • nucleoid
  • ribosomes
  • flagella
  • fimbriae
  • conjugation pili
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5
Q

Bacterial Cell wall

A

maintain shape of cell

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6
Q

Bacterial Capsule

A

protective layer of polysaccharide outside cell wall

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7
Q

Bacterial Nucleoid

A

where the single coiled chromosome is

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8
Q

Bacterial Ribosomes

A

synthesizes protein

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9
Q

Bacterial Flagella

A

tail appendages that propell bacteria. Filament, hook, basal body.

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10
Q

Bacterial Fimbriae

A

small bristle fibers on cell surface to help attach

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11
Q

Bacterial Conjugation Pili

A

rigid tube structure used to pass DNA

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12
Q

What does Plasma Membrane do?

A
  • marks boundery btwn outside and inside cell
  • regulates molecule & ion passage
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13
Q

Plasma Membrane makeup

A
  • Phospholipid layer: hydrophilic pole facing outward, hydroponic ends inward
  • Glycoproteins: sugars on outside of membrane. Used for immune response and to est. identity.
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14
Q

Channel Proteins

A
  • form tunnel through membrane
  • allow specific molecules to pass
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15
Q

Transport Proteins

A
  • combine with substance to help move across membrane
  • uses input of energy
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16
Q

Cell Recognition Proteins

A
  • Are glycoproteins
  • distinguishes btwn our cells and cells of others
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17
Q

Receptor Proteins

A
  • shape that is capable of binding a signal molecule
  • binding causes protein to change shape and start cellular response
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18
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A
  • used in metabolic reactions
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19
Q

Junction Proteins

A
  • creates connection btwn cells
  • assist in cell-to-cell adhesion & communication
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20
Q

Eukaryotic Nucleus

A
  • Houses DNA which forms genes located in chromosomes
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21
Q

Eukaryotic Organelles

A

structure inside cell that hold all molecules for cell function

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22
Q

What is contained within the Nucleus?

A
  1. chromatin
  2. chromosomes
  3. nucleolus
  4. nuclear envelope
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23
Q

Chromatin

A
  • network of strands containing chromosomes
  • made up of DNA, protein, RNA
24
Q

How is DNA relayed?

A
  • Dna organized into genes with specific nucleotide to code for polypeptide
  • m(essenger)RNA relays info from nucleus to ribosomes
  • mRNA has sequence of bases that mirror SoB in gene
  • at ribosome mRNA info translated to polypeptide (amino acid) chain
25
Nucleolus
* produces ribosomal RNA (rRNA) * rRNA joins with other proteins to form subunits * subunits sent into cytoplasm to create protein
26
Nuclear Envelope
* separates nucleus from cytoplasm * made up of phospholipids * has nuclear pores for communication
27
Ribosomes
* sites of protein synthesis * uses t(ransfer)RNA to decode info from mRNA into a polypeptide chain
28
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
* organelle that attaches some ribosomes * ribosome binds and polypeptides created enters the lumen (interior)
29
What is contained within the Endomembrane System?
* nuclear envelope * membranes of ER * Golgi apparatus * vesicles
30
What does the Endomembrane System do?
ensures certain enzyme reactions occur in restricted areas
31
Rough ER
* covered with ribosomes on outside * synthesizes polypeptides on outside & modifies them on inside * forms transport vesicles to take protein to other regions
32
Smooth ER
* synthesizes lipids * no ribosomes * also forms transport vesicles
33
Golgi Apparatus
* made up of stack of curved flattened saccules * recieves transport vesicles from rough & smooth ER * molecules are modified as they move btwn saccules * sorts molecules and packages for transport
34
Lysosomes
* vesicles produced by Golgi Apparatus * digest molecules
35
Vacuoles
* membraneous sacs larger than vesicles * store substances like nutrients/ions * only in plant cells and fat cells in animals
36
What are the energy conversion organelles in plant cells? animals?
* Plants: Chloroplasts * Animals: Mitochondria
37
Chloroplasts and process performed
* found in plants and algae * **phtosynthesis**: uses carbon dioxide, water, sloar energy to produce carbs * bounded by double membrane
38
Chloroplast Stroma
* large inner space * contains mixture of enzymes + thylakoids * contain enzymes to synthesize carbs
39
Chloroplast Thykaloid What/where do they store?
* disc sacs formed by 3rd membrane * **granum**: stack of thykaloids * lumens of thykaloid sacs form thykaloid space * **Thylakoid membrane**: contain pigments that store solar energy
40
Mitochondria
* double membrane * produces most ATP in cell
41
Mitochondria Cristae
* folded inner membrane * increase surface area to absorb energy
42
Mitochondria Matrix
* contains enzymes to break down carbs & other nutrients * reactions supply chemical energy that permits ATP synthesis on Cristae * also contains DNA & ribosomes
43
Cellular Respiration
* complete breakdown of carbs * O2 is needed and gives off carbon dioxide
44
What is contained within the Cytoskeleton?
* network of prtein filaments & tubules * extends from nucleus to plasma membrane * maintain shape * motor proteins allow organelles to move * have microtubules, intermediate filaments, actin filaments
45
Microtubules & Centrosome
* small cylinders composed of tubulin dimers * **Centrosome**: controls microtube assembly near nucleus * helps to maintain shape of cell
46
Intermediate Filaments
* rope assemblies of proteins * btwn nuclear envelope & plasma membrane * supports nucleus and PM
47
Actin Fiaments
* 2 chains of actin monomers forming long filament * supports the cell forming a web under plasma membrane
48
Motor Proteins
* allows cellular movement * types: myosin kinesin dynein
49
Centrioles
* short cylinder with microtubule triplets * lie at right angles together in middle of centrosome
50
Cilia & Flagella
* hair-like projections that help with movement * cilia shorter than flagella * membrane bound cylinders with basal body in the cytoplasm
51
Cell Wall
* contains cellulose fibrils that allow the cell to stretch * adhesive substances on outside to hold cells together
52
Plasmodesmata (in cell wall)
* membrane lined channels passing through the cell wall * allow direct exchange of materials btwn plant cells
53
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
* only in animal cell * mesh of fibrous proteins & polysaccharides * collagen and elastin proteins for resilience * polysaccharides for directing cells
54
Adhesion Junction (animal)
* plaques attached to cytoskeleton joined by filaments * creates sturdy/flexible sheet of cells * used in tissue cells that need to stretch
55
Tight Junction (animal)
* Plasma Membrane proteins attach to each other like zipper * seen in cells of tissues that are barriers
56
Gap Junction (animal)
* allow cells to communicate * 2 plasma membrane channels join * junction opens and closes allowing passage of molecules/ions

Bio 11 (8 decks)

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