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RT 203 > 3. Radioactivity > Flashcards

3. Radioactivity Flashcards

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1
Q

Process of loosing energy to reach a stable state

A

Radioactivity

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2
Q

This excited state (radioactivity) can last for a few moments to billion of years and is measured in terms of ____

A

half-lives

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3
Q

This lose of energy in radioactivity can be in form of _____

A

pure energy, particles, or both

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4
Q

The highest stable atomic number is ______

A

Bismuth at 83

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5
Q

The nuclei of some nuclides are not stable

A

Radioactivity

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6
Q

They (nuclei) disintegrate or undergo nuclear transformation spontaneously and in random process called

A

Radioactivity

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7
Q

is the emission of particles and energy in order to become stable

A

Radioactivity

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8
Q

results in emission of Alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays

A

Radioactivity decay

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9
Q

the time required for a quantity of radioactivity to be reduced to one-half its original value

A

Half-life

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10
Q

the number of decaying nuclei per second

A

1Bq – 1 per second

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11
Q

1 Ci=

A

3.7x10^10 Bq

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12
Q

Discover the radioactivity

A

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

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13
Q

The year Becquerel discovered radioactivity

A

1896

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14
Q

He noted that a piece of mineral containing uranium when placed over an exposed photographic plate just as if it has been exposed to light.

A

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

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15
Q

He discovered that the blackening of the photographic plate was due not to light but to a radiation being emitted by the uranium
mineral.

A

Henri Becquerel (1852-1908)

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16
Q

discovered that polonium and radium also emit radiation

A

Pierre and Marie Curie

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17
Q

Radioactivity produced by man

A

Artificial Radioactivity

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18
Q

produced the first radioactive product when they bombarded aluminum with alpha particles
from polonium source to study the emitted neutrons and positrons

A

Irene Curie-Joliot

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19
Q

Radioactive elements emitted into 3 types of radiation

A
  • Alpha Particles
  • Beta Particles
  • Gamma Rays
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20
Q

positive electrical charge

A

Alpha Particles

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21
Q

negative electrical charged electrons.

A

Beta Particles

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22
Q

Electromagnetic waves of very short wavelength and travelling within the speed of light

A

Gamma Rays

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23
Q

No charge at all

A

Gamma Rays

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24
Q

heavy particles that originated outside

A

Alpha Particles

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25
light particles in which electrons are coming from the nucleus
Beta Particles
26
energy originated from the inside of the nucleus
Gamma Rays
27
the time in which a radioactive substance will lose half of its activity through disintegration
Half-Life(t½)
28
The amount of time that is required to reduce the radioactivity to ½ of its present value.
Half-Life(t½)
29
3 types of half-life
Physical Half-life, Biological Half-life, Effective Half-Life,
30
the average time required for the decay of half the atoms in a given amount of a radioactive substance.
Physical Half-Life
31
the time in which a living tissue, organ, or individual eliminates, through biologic processes, half of a given amount of a substance that has been introduced into it
Biologic Half-Life
32
the half-life of a radioactive isotope in a biologic organism, resulting from the combination of radioactive decay and biologic elimination
Effective Half-Life
33
Types of Decay
``` Alpha Decay, Beta Negative Decay, Beta Positive Decay, Gamma Ray Emission, Electron Capture ```
34
smoke detectors
Americium 241 - Alpha Decay
35
accompanied by gamma photon emission
Alpha Decay
36
alpha emitter
polonium-210
37
murder using radiation poisoning with polonium-210, an alpha emitter
Russian dissident Alexander Litvinenko's 2006 murder
38
Beta Decay that interacts with neutron
Beta minus
39
Beta Decay that Interacts with protons
Beta plus
40
emits negatron (negative)
Beta minus
41
emits positron (positive)
Beta plus
42
some unstable atomic nuclei dissipate excess energy by a spontaneous electromagnetic process
Gamma Ray Emission
43
is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron (changing a nuclear proton to a neutron) and simultaneously emits a neutrino
Electron Capture
44
it is tiny, neutral, and weighs so little that no one has been able to measure its mass
neutrino
45
the innermost shell
k shell
46
look like plum-pudding, one big proton (positive sphere) that has an electron (negative sphere) inside
Thompson model
47
mass of the electron is from
neutron
48
outward force
Centrifugal force
49
inward force
Centripetal force
50
mass number minus proton equals to
neutron
51
number of proton is equal to the number of
electron
52
atomic number is equivalent to
proton
53
observed that the strength of a pure radioactive substance decrease exponentially
Julius Elster and Hans Geitel
54
was found to be a property of the individual atoms, not of a substance as a whole
Radioactivity
55
Statistical nature of disintegration was established
Radioactive Decay Law
56
Universal law that describes the statistical behavior of a large number of nuclides
Radioactive Decay Law
57
Random process
Radioactive Decay Law
58
the fraction of the activity that is remaining after a given amount of time
Activity Fraction
59
2 Ionizing Radiation
Particulate, | Electromagnetic
60
have mass, weight and charge
Particulate Radiation
61
2 Particulate Radiation
Alpha, | Beta
62
pure energy, no mass and no charge
Electromagnetic Radiation
63
Example of Electromagnetic Radiation
Gamma Ray
64
X-rays originated from
electrons
65
Gamma rays originated from
nucleus
66
It occurs during isomeric transition
Gamma ray emission
67
has 2 protons and 2 neutrons with mass number of 4
Alpha particles
68
Decay that interacts with neutrons
Beta negative decay
69
Decay that interacts with protons
Beta positive decay
70
Beta positive decay emits
Positron
71
Beta negative decay emits
Negatron
72
Technetium-99m half-life
6 hours
73
Cesium-138 half-life
30 years
74
Radon gas half-life
3.83 days
75
Gold-198 half-life
2.7 days

RT 203 (11 decks)

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