8. X-ray Emission Spectrum

Question 1

refers to the range of types or values of any quantity such as x-ray

Answer 1

Spectrum

Question 2

contains only specific values

Answer 2

Discrete Spectrum

Question 3

contains all possible values

Answer 3

Continuous Spectrum

Question 4

have precisely fixed (discrete) energies and form a discrete emission spectrum

Answer 4

Characteristic x-rays

Question 5

have a range of energies and form a continuous emission spectrum

Answer 5

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

Question 6

is associated with the minimum x-ray wavelength

Answer 6

Maximum x-ray energy

Question 7

is numerically equal to the kVp

Answer 7

Maximum x-ray energy

Question 8

the process of adding together the total number of x-rays emitted at each spectrum to get the
total number of x-rays emitted from an x-ray tube

Answer 8

Integration

Question 9

The farther to the ____ a spectrum is, the higher the effective energy or quality of the x-ray beam

Answer 9

right,

Question 10

The ____ the area under the curve, the higher is the x-ray intensity or quantity

Answer 10

larger

Question 11

A change in ______ results in a proportional change in the amplitude of the x-ray emission spectrum at all
energies.

Answer 11

mA or mAs

Question 12

Four Principal Factors Influencing the Shape of an X-ray Emission Spectrum

Answer 12

-The projectile electrons accelerated from cathode to anode do not all have peak kinetic energy. Depending on
the types of rectification and high-voltage generation, many of these electrons may have very low energies
when they strike the target. Such electrons can produce only heat and low-energy x-rays.
-The target of a diagnostic x-ray tube is relatively thick. Consequently, many of the bremsstrahlung x-rays emitted
result from multiple interactions of the projectile electrons, and for each successive interaction, a projectile
electron has less energy.
-Low energy x-rays are more likely to be absorbed in the target.
-External filtration is always added to the x-ray tube assembly. This added filtration serves selectively to remove
low-energy x-rays from the beam.

Question 13

A change in kVp affects both the _____ and the _____ of the x-ray emission spectrum.

Answer 13

amplitude,

position

Question 14

When kVp is increased, the relative distribution of emitted x-ray energy shifts to the ____, to a higher average energy.

Answer 14

right

Question 15

The maximum energy of x-ray emission always remains numerically ____ to the kVp.

Answer 15

equal

Question 16

A change in kVp has no effect on the position of the ______ x-ray emission spectrum

Answer 16

discrete

Question 17

In diagnostic range, a 15% increase in kVp is equivalent to _____ the mAs

Answer 17

doubling

Question 18

Effect of Tube Current

Answer 18

Affects Amplitude of Spectrum

Question 19

Effect of Tube Voltage

Answer 19

Affects Amplitude and Position

Question 20

Effect of Added Filtration

Answer 20

Decreases Amplitude (x-ray quantity), most effective of low energy

Question 21

Effect of Target Material

Answer 21

Affects Amplitude of spectrum and position of line spectrum

Question 22

Effect of Voltage Waveform

Answer 22

Affects Amplitude, most effective at high energy

Question 23

The result of added filtration is an _____ in the average energy of the x-ray beam with an accompanying
reduction in x-ray quantity.

Answer 23

increase

Question 24

Added filtration more effectively absorbs low-energy x-rays than high-energy x-rays; therefore, the bremsstrahlung x-ray emission spectrum is reduced further on the _____ than on the right

Answer 24

left

Question 25

Adding filtration is sometimes called ________ because of the relative increase in average energy.

Answer 25

hardening the x-ray beam

Question 26

Increasing target atomic number _____ the efficiency of x-ray production and the energy of characteristic and bremsstrahlung x-rays.

Answer 26

enhances

Question 27

An increase in the atomic number of the target material will shift the characteristic spectrum to the ____

Answer 27

right

Question 28

Effect of Voltage Waveform | Five voltage waveforms

Answer 28

- Half-wave rectification - Full-wave rectification - Three-phase/ six pulse - Three-phase/ twelve pulse - High-frequency

Question 29

Because of ______, operation with three-phase power or high frequency is equivalent to an approximate 12% increase in kVp, or almost a doubling of mAs over single phase-power

Answer 29

reduced ripple

Question 30

Increase in Current (mAs) results to

Answer 30

Increase in quantity. No change in quality

Question 31

Increase in Voltage (kVp) results to

Answer 31

Increase in quantity and quality

Question 32

Increase in Added Filtration results to

Answer 32

Decrease in quantity. | Increase in quality

Question 33

Increase in Target Atomic Number (Z) results to

Answer 33

Increase in quantity and quality

Question 34

Increase in Voltage Ripple results to

Answer 34

Decrease in quantity and quality

Question 35

x-axis

Answer 35

Photon Energy (Quality of X-rays)

Question 36

y-axis

Answer 36

Number of Photons (Quantity of X-rays)

Question 37

It has an energy from 0-1 up to the maximum value or the peaked value

Answer 37

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

Question 38

X-rays that occur when the incoming electron will interact with nuclear field (loss of energies)

Answer 38

Bremsstrahlung x-rays

Question 39

X-ray intensity aka

Answer 39

X-ray quantity

Question 40

Pertains the amount or the number of electrons

Answer 40

X-ray intensity

Question 41

A relationship between the x-ray and wavelength is

Answer 41

inversely proportional

Question 42

A relationship between the energy and frequency is

Answer 42

directly proportional

Question 43

defined as a flow of electrons in the conductors, controls the amount of intensity specially combining in time

Answer 43

mA (current)

Question 44

refers to height and x-ray | quantity in the given x-ray emission spectrum graph

Answer 44

Amplitude

Question 45

TYPE OF RECTIFICATION

Answer 45

``` Single- phase and Self-rectified, Single-phase and Full-wave rectified, Three- phase and 12 pulse, High-frequency, Constant potential ```

Question 46

100% Ripple

Answer 46

Single- phase and Self-rectified, | Single-phase and Full-wave rectified

Question 47

3-5% Ripple

Answer 47

Three- phase and 12 pulse, | High-frequency

Question 48

0% Ripple

Answer 48

Constant potential

Question 49

There are two types of spectrum:

Answer 49

Discrete, | Continuous

Question 50

are DISCRETE because they depend on the electron binding energy of the struck electrons.

Answer 50

Characteristic x-rays

Question 51

For characteristic x-rays to be produced, the energy of the incoming electron must be _______ than the electron binding energy of the struck electron.

Answer 51

equal or greater

Question 52

SI unit of Photon energy is

Answer 52

keV

Question 53

Most of the bremsstrahlung x-rays are produced at | approximately ____ keV

Answer 53

49

Question 54

X-ray energy and X-ray wavelength is

Answer 54

inversely proportional

Question 55

gives evidence that Bremsstrahlung x-rays are continuous

Answer 55

bell curve

Question 56

X-ray energy and frequency is

Answer 56

directly proportional

Question 57

Frequency and wavelength are

Answer 57

inversely proportional

Question 58

how far to the right the spectrum is or/and how high the effective energy or quality of the x-ray beam is

Answer 58

Position

Question 59

it has something to do with the number of electron flowing from the cathode to the anode

Answer 59

mA

Question 60

is a product of the tube current and exposure | time in seconds.

Answer 60

mAs

Question 61

69. 5 keV is _____ as it is discrete (in the case of | tungsten) .

Answer 61

constant

Question 62

The _____ the amplitude, the more x-rays photons | are produced.

Answer 62

higher

Question 63

The further the graph is to the _____, the more | penetrable the x-rays are.

Answer 63

right

Question 64

______ as well as _____ of the X-ray emission spectrum is affected by the four principles

Answer 64

SHAPE, | SIZE

Question 65

X-rays when produced don’t have the same | energies

Answer 65

Heterogenous

Question 66

Discrete emission spectrum depends on the | ______ of the element

Answer 66

characteristic

Question 67

No matter how much you increase the kVp it will not affect the position of the ______ x-ray emission spectrum

Answer 67

discrete

Question 68

can’t be readily and easily | manipulated

Answer 68

Target material

Question 69

Best choice of target material is

Answer 69

Tungsten

Question 70

there is only the positive cycle and | negative cycle is eliminated

Answer 70

half-wave

Question 71

uses a single wave like half-wave but the negative cycle is not eliminated rather it is converted to positive cycle. This would mean that the amount of x-rays are doubled

Answer 71

full-wave

Question 72

there are three waves produced simultaneously

Answer 72

three-phase

Question 73

2 types of three-phase

Answer 73

six pulse, | twelve pulse

Question 74

negative cycle is eliminated

Answer 74

six pulse

Question 75

negative cycle is converted | to positive cycle; more efficient

Answer 75

twelve pulse

Question 76

happens when the voltage drops down from | the highest point to the lowest point

Answer 76

Ripple

Question 77

x-rays are less likely to have 0 energy; efficiency is increased as well as quality of x-rays.

Answer 77

Reduced ripple

Question 78

There is approximately ___ ripple for the high-frequency type of rectification

Answer 78

1%

Question 79

is the ideal graph of a direct current

Answer 79

Constant potential

Question 80

undesirable to have as it results to the decrease in quantity and quality of X-rays

Answer 80

Voltage ripple

Question 81

The higher the voltage ripple, the more _______ the result is

Answer 81

undesirable