3. Social Beliefs And Judgments

Question 1

Priming

Answer 1

Activating particular associations in memory

Question 2

Embodied cognition

Answer 2

The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements

Question 3

Belief perseverance

Answer 3

Persistence of ones initial conceptions, such as when the basis for ones belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives

Question 4

Misinformation effect

Answer 4

Incorporating misinformation into ones memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it

Question 5

Controlled processing

Answer 5

Explicit thinking that is deliberate reflective and conscious

Question 6

Automatic processing

Answer 6

Implicit thinking that is effortless habitual and without awareness, like intuition

Question 7

Overconfidence phenomenon

Answer 7

Tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs

Question 8

Confirmation bias

Answer 8

Tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions

Question 9

Heuristic

Answer 9

A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

Question 10

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 10

Tendency to presume, sometimes despite odds, that someone/something belongs to a particular if resembling a typical member

Question 11

Availability heuristic

Answer 11

Cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it’s common

Question 12

Counter factual thinking

Answer 12

Imagining alternative scenarios & outcimes that might have happened but didn’t

Question 13

Illusory correlation

Answer 13

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than reality

Question 14

Illusion of control

Answer 14

Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control or as more controllable than they are

Question 15

Regression toward the average

Answer 15

Statistical tendency for extreme scores/behavior to return towards one’s average

Question 16

Misattribution

Answer 16

Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

Question 17

Attribution theory

Answer 17

Theory of how people explain others’ behavior- for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or external situations

Question 18

Dispositional attribution

Answer 18

Attributing behavior to the person’s disposition and traits

Question 19

Situational attribution

Answer 19

Attributing behavior to the environment

Question 20

Spontaneous trait inference

Answer 20

An effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone’s behavior

Question 21

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 21

Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influenced and overestimate Dispositional influences on others behavior

Question 22

Self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 22

A belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Question 23

Behavioral confirmation

Answer 23

A type of self fulfilling prophecy where people’s social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm their expectations

Question 24

Covariation principle

Answer 24

Attributing behaviors to causes occurring at the same time

Question 25

Discounting principle

Answer 25

Any given cause is less likely to explain behavior if other plausible causes are available

Question 26

Augmenting principle

Answer 26

If I can think of a reason why you shouldn't do something and you do it anyway, I blame internal cause

Question 27

Correspondence bias

Answer 27

We assume people's actions correspond their beliefs

Question 28

How are attributions made?

Answer 28

1. Consistency 2. Distinctiveness 3. Consensus

Question 29

What attributions are made?

Answer 29

1. Locus 2. Stability 3. Controllability

Question 30

When are attributions made?

Answer 30

1. Unexpected events 2. Negative events 3. Certain circumstances

Question 31

What are the disadvantages to schemas?

Answer 31

1. Prejudice 2. Perseverance effect 3. Primacy effect 4. Schema consistent fabrication 5. Self fulfilling prophecy

Question 32

Advantages of schematic processing

Answer 32

1. Organize lots of info quickly 2. Better memory 3. Tells us what to expect