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HISTOPATH LAB > 3-STAINING > Flashcards

3-STAINING Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is the process of applying dyes on tissue sections to study architectural patterns and physical characteristics of cells

A

Staining

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2
Q

What color does Harris hematoxylin produce in stained tissue

A

Purple

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3
Q

What color does Eosin Y produce in stained tissue

A

Orange

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4
Q

What are the three major groups in staining

A

Histological staining+Histochemical staining+Immunohistochemical staining

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5
Q

What is the staining process that demonstrates tissue constituents by direct interaction with a dye producing coloration of active tissue components

A

Histological staining

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6
Q

What types of stains are included in histological staining

A

Microanatomical stains+Bacterial stains+Specific tissue stains

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7
Q

What is the process that studies tissue constituents through chemical reactions allowing microscopic localization of specific tissue substances

A

Histochemical staining

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8
Q

Which stain is used in histochemical staining to detect hemoglobin

A

Perl’s Prussian blue

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9
Q

Which stain is used in histochemical staining to detect carbohydrates

A

Periodic Acid Schiff

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10
Q

What staining combines immunologic and histochemical techniques to detect phenotypic markers using labeled antibodies

A

Immunohistochemical staining

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11
Q

What is used in immunohistochemical staining to counter fixatives that cause cross linkage and open antigen sites

A

Antigen retrieval solutions

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12
Q

What stain is used to detect Her2/neu expression in breast tissue and what color does it produce

A

Diaminobenzidine+Brown

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13
Q

What serves as the counterstain in immunohistochemical staining of breast tissue

A

Hematoxylin

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14
Q

When is immunohistochemical staining typically performed

A

Right after biopsies

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15
Q

What determines the route of treatment in breast carcinoma using immunohistochemistry

A

Immunohistochemistry result

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16
Q

What is the staining method that applies color to sections using aqueous or alcoholic dye solutions

A

Direct staining

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17
Q

What is the staining method where dye action is intensified by adding a reagent or mordant linking dye to tissue

A

Indirect staining

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18
Q

What is a chemical that combines with a dye to form a colored lake that binds to tissue forming a tissue-mordant dye complex

A

Mordant

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19
Q

What mordant combines with hematoxylin to form Ehrlich’s hematoxylin

A

Potassium alum

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20
Q

What mordant combines with hematoxylin to form Weigert’s hematoxylin

A

Iron

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21
Q

What is a substance that accelerates staining reaction speed without chemically uniting tissue and dye

A

Accentuator

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22
Q

What accentuator is used with Loeffler’s methylene blue

A

Potassium hydroxide

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23
Q

What accentuators are used with carbol thionine and carbol fuchsin

A

Phenol

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24
Q

What staining pattern involves staining tissue elements in a definite sequence without decolorizer

A

Progressive staining

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25
What staining pattern involves the use of a decolorizer to remove excess stain
Regressive staining
26
What is the selective removal of excess stain during regressive staining to distinctly stain specific substances
Differentiation (Decolorization)
27
How is differentiation usually achieved during regressive staining
Washing in water or alcohol+Use of acids and oxidizing agents
28
What staining uses specific dyes that stain substances a different color than the dye itself
Metachromatic staining
29
What types of tissue components are typically stained by metachromatic dyes
Cartilage+Connective tissues+Epithelial mucins+Mast cell granules+Amyloid
30
To which chemical dye groups do metachromatic dyes belong
Thizine group+Triphenylmethane group
31
Name some examples of metachromatic dyes
Methyl violet+Crystal violet+Cresyl blue+Safranin+Bismarck brown+Basic fuchsin+Methylene blue+Thionine+Toluidine blue+Azure A+Azure B+Azure C
32
What must be done to paraffin sections after cutting and mounting to ensure firm attachment to the slide
Drain and dry thoroughly
33
What may happen if drying of paraffin sections is incomplete before staining
Section may become detached from the slide
34
What must be done to tissue sections after cutting to prevent detachment during staining
Drying
35
Why should staining not be done immediately after tissue section cutting
Tissue may dislodge from slide
36
What must be removed from tissue sections before staining because it affects stain permeability
Paraffin wax
37
Why does paraffin wax cause pale staining if not removed
It is poorly permeable to stains
38
How can the presence of paraffin wax on slides be detected using the first two chemicals
Alcohols become cloudy indicating paraffin remains
39
What is the purpose of the first two xylene treatments in staining
Deparaffinization
40
What is the purpose of the last two xylene treatments in staining
Clearing
41
What does descending grades of alcohol refer to in staining
Rehydration
42
Why is rehydration important in staining
To remove diffusion currents
43
What is done after alcohol treatments and before staining
Water rinse
44
What steps follow staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin
Dehydration and clearing with xylene
45
What additional effect does xylene have on tissue during clearing
Raises refractive index closer to glass slide
46
What happens if tissue is left too long in alcohols during staining with alcoholic eosin
Pale staining results
47
What should be done to staining solutions before use
Filter stain
48
How should staining be performed once started
Complete continuously until last step
49
How should tissue sections be handled during staining
Completely submerge in solutions
50
What should be done to staining solutions when not in use
Cover all solutions
51
What maintenance is recommended for water used in staining
Change water frequently
52
What tool is recommended to handle tissue sections during staining
Use forceps
53
What should be done to the underside of slides before moving to next solution
Blot dry
54
How is staining quality checked
Examine under microscope
55
What temperature and duration are tissue slides incubated in paraffin oven before Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
70 degrees Celsius for 20 minutes
56
What action should be done to slides during staining with Hematoxylin and Eosin
Agitate slides
57
What is the recommended time for each xylene treatment in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
3 minutes each
58
What is the recommended time for absolute alcohol treatment in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
2 minutes
59
What is the recommended time for 95 percent ethyl alcohol treatment in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
2 minutes
60
What is the recommended time for tap water rinse in Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
1 minute
61
What is the recommended time range for Harris alum Hematoxylin staining
5 to 10 minutes
62
What is the number of tap water dips and changes after Hematoxylin staining
10 dips + 2 changes
63
What is the recommended time for 1 percent acid alcohol differentiation
10 seconds
64
What is the recommended time for running tap water rinse after acid alcohol
1 minute
65
What is the recommended time for lithium carbonate or ammonia water blueing agent treatment
30 seconds to 5 minutes
66
What is the recommended time for running tap water rinse after blueing
5 minutes
67
What color should nuclei appear after staining under microscope
Bright clear blue
68
What color should background appear after staining under microscope
Light or colorless
69
What is the recommended staining time for alcoholic eosin
30 seconds to 1 minute
70
What is the microscopic appearance of nuclei after Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
Blue to black
71
What is the microscopic appearance of karyosomes if present
Dark blue
72
What is the microscopic appearance of cytoplasm after Hematoxylin and Eosin staining
Pale pink
73
What color do red blood cells + eosins + basophilic granules + keratin appear after staining
Bright orange-red
74
What color do cytoplasm of plasma cells and osteoblasts appear after staining
Pinkish
75
How does cartilage staining vary with different hematoxylin types
Pink and light blue to dark + darkest with Ehrlich hematoxylin
76
What color do calcium and calcified bones appear after staining
Purplish pink
77
What color do decalcified bones and muscle fibers appear after staining
Pink
78
What are biological stains prepared from
Natural dyes + synthetic dyes
79
From what sources are natural dyes obtained
Plants + animals
80
Name examples of natural dyes used in staining
Hematoxylin + Cochineal dyes + Orcein + Saffron
81
From what is hematoxylin derived
Heartwood of Mexican tree Hematoxylin Campechianum
82
What is the active coloring agent in hematoxylin staining
Hematin
83
How is hematin formed from hematoxylin
Oxidation called ripening
84
What accelerates hematoxylin ripening artificially
Strong oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide + mercuric oxide + potassium permanganate + sodium perborate + sodium iodate
85
From what is cochineal dye extracted
Female cochineal bug Coccus cacti
86
What dye is produced from cochineal dye treated with alum
Carmine
87
What is carmine used for
Chromatin and nuclear stain for fresh material and smear preparation
88
What is picrocarmine used for
Neuropathological studies when combined with picric acid
89
What is Best Carmine stain used for
Demonstration of glycogen when combined with aluminum chloride
90
From what is orcein dye extracted
Certain lichens
91
What colors does orcein produce when treated with ammonia and exposed to air
Blue or violet
92
What tissue component is orcein used to stain
Elastic fibers
93
What are synthetic dyes also known as
Coal tar dyes or aniline dyes
94
From what chemical are synthetic dyes derived
Hydrocarbon benzene
95
What is the active coloring substance in acid dyes
Acid component
96
What is the best acid dye and its uses
Picric acid; fixative + decalcifying agent + stains collagen and eosinophilic granules
97
What is the active coloring substance in basic dyes
Basic component combining with acid radical
98
What is methylene blue used for
Bacterial staining in microbiology
99
What tissue components have affinity for basic dyes
Chromatin + mucus + cartilage matrix
100
What are neutral dyes formed by
Combining aqueous solutions of acid and basic dyes
101
What can neutral dyes stain
Cytoplasm and nucleus simultaneously and differentially
102
Name examples of neutral dyes
Romanowsky dyes + Giemsa stain + Irishman’s stain

HISTOPATH LAB (6 decks)

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