3. Starch, Fiber, Protein, Fats, Prebiotics

Question 1

What carbohydrates can bacteria digest?

Answer 1

Fiber (beta bonds)

-oligosaccharides
-non-starch polysaccharides (cellulose, pectin, wax, lingin)

Question 2

What carbohydrates can mammals digest?

Answer 2

Alpha bonds
- maltose, sucrose, fructose, lactose, starch, glycogen

Question 3

What nutrient is derived from protein

Answer 3

Amino acids

Question 4

What nutrient is derived from lipids

Answer 4

Fatty acids

Question 5

How are fats absorbed and transported

Answer 5

Binding to bile salts and passively passing through the intestinal lumen into the lymphatic system

Question 6

How are proteins absorbed and transferred?

Answer 6

Small peptides and amino acids actively transported through brush border

Mainly small amino acids actively transported through epithelium into portal vein

Question 7

How are synthesized SCFAs transported?

Answer 7

Passively

Actively by facilitated and symporter transport

Question 8

How are carbohydrates digested and absorbed

Answer 8

Starch lactose and fructose enter brush border

Galactose, glucose, and fructose are actively transported through epithelium to portal vein

Question 9

Essential nutrient

Answer 9

A nutrient that cannot be synthesized by an animal, must be obtained through the diet

Question 10

Conditionally essential nutrient

Answer 10

A nutrient that an animal can usually synthesize but certain physiological conditions can cause a relative deficiency

Question 11

Non-essential nutrient

Answer 11

A nutrient that is synthesized in sufficient quantity, not specifically required in food

Question 12

Digestability

Answer 12

Foods gross nutrient content released by chemical and mechanical digestion

Question 13

Bioavailability

Answer 13

How readily a nutrient becomes available to support metabolism following digestion

Question 14

Apparent digestibility

Answer 14

Gross energy

Nutrient intake - extretion in feces

Question 15

True digestability

Answer 15

Nutrient intake - feces & endogenous losses (intestinal enzymes, dead cells, etc)

Question 16

Simple carbohydrates

Answer 16

Monosaccharides:
Glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides:
Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Question 17

Complex carbohydrates

Answer 17

Oligosaccharides

Polysaccharides
- starch, cellulose, glycogen (animal based)

Question 18

How are starch and glycogen digested and absorbed?

Answer 18

Broken down into glucose and maltose, digested in small intestine

Question 19

How are cellulose and hemicellulose digested?

Answer 19

Digested into volatile fatty acids (SCFA) in the large intestine by microbial fermentation

Question 20

How are lingin, cutins, and waxes digested?

Answer 20

They aren’t, excreted in feces

Question 21

How are gums, mucilages and pectins digested?

Answer 21

Digested into CO², methane, hydrogen, and SCFAs in the large intestine by microbial fermentation

Question 22

What affects the digestability of starch?

Answer 22

Granular structure

Question 23

Rapidly digestible starch

Answer 23

Most starches cooked in pet foods, easily digested

Question 24

Slowly digestible starch

Answer 24

Raw or uncooked starch, more slowly digested

Question 25

Resistent starch

Answer 25

Some plant starches which resist enzymatic digestion

Question 26

Amylose vs amylopectin

Answer 26

Amylose is much more condensed and hard to digest Amylopectin has a branched structure and is easier to digest

Question 27

Is starch important for cats and dogs?

Answer 27

No but its necessary to make a kibble

Question 28

What are sources of starch?

Answer 28

Cereal grains, pulse grains and tubers