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464 Digestive > 4. Water, Minerals, Vitamins, Energy > Flashcards

4. Water, Minerals, Vitamins, Energy Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Energy

A

The ability to do work

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2
Q

How is energy derived from amino acids?

A

Thr nitrogen is deammonated and excreted as urea

The carbon backbone undergoes gluconeogenesis or becomes a ketogenic amino acid

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3
Q

How is gross energy content determined

A

bomb calorimetry

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4
Q

Gross energy

A

The total amount of energy in food

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5
Q

Digestible energy

A

Gross energy - feces

Mostly fiber lost

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6
Q

Metabolizable energy

A

Digestable energy - urine & methane (metabolism)

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7
Q

Net energy

A

Metabolizable energy - heat

protein and fiber cause higher heat losses

starch and fats lower heat losses

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8
Q

Net energy for production

A

Net energy - net energy for maintenance

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9
Q

What measure of energy is used in dog and cat nutrition?

A

metabolizable energy

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10
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The energy requirements of an animal while resting and fasting in a thermoneutral environment

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11
Q

Resting fed metabolic rate

A

The energy requirement for a resting fed animal in a thermoneutral environment

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12
Q

Maintenance energy requirement

A

The energy requirements of a moderately active animal in a thermoneutral environment

Includes energy for obtaining, digesting, and absorbing food, with some extra for spontaneous activity.

does not include any extra activity like lactation or work

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13
Q

What is the most important nutrient?

A

Water

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14
Q

What are the 3 sources of water?

A

Food, drinking water, metabolism

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15
Q

What are the 5 ways water is lost?

A

Urine, feces, respiration, sweat, and lactation

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16
Q

What are the functions of water?

A

Dissolving and transporting substances, hydrolysis (enzymatic digestion), temperature regulation, body shape and resilience

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17
Q

Who is prone to hydremia?

A

Young animals who drink too much and severely dehydrated animals given free access to water

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18
Q

Vitamin

A

Compounds required in extremely small quantities involved in fundamental body functions as catalysts (not metabolic fuel or structural nutrients)

Absence causes deficiency syndrome, they cannot be synthesized in adequate quantities

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19
Q

What animals are vitamin C essential for?

A

Primates, guinea pigs, and some fish

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20
Q

How many fat/water-soluble vitamins do dogs and cats have?

A

Dogs: 3 fat soluble, 8 water soluble
Cats: 4 fat soluble, 9 water soluble

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21
Q

What are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K

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22
Q

What are the water-soluble vitamins?

A

Bs and C

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23
Q

Retinol

A

Vitamin A

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24
Q

Ergocalciferol/cholecalciferol

A

VItamin D

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25
alpha-tocopherol
Vitamin E
26
Phylloquinone
Vitamin K
27
Thiamin
B1
28
Riboflavin
B2
29
Nicotinamide (niacin)
B3
30
Pantothenic acid
B5
31
Pyridoxine
B6
32
Biotin
B7
33
Folacin (folic acid)
B9
34
Choline
B4
35
Cyano(cobalamin)
B12
36
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin C
37
Which vitamins are not essential for cats?
Vitamin C
38
Which vitamins are not essential for dogs?
K, B3, and C
39
Which vitamins are cofactors in enzymatic reactions?
all water soluble vitamins (B and C)
40
What vitamin is involved in DNA synthesis?
B9- folic acid
41
What vitamins are involved in nutrient release from substrates?
All Bs
42
What vitamin is involved in bone development and Calcium homeostasis?
D- Ergocalciferol/cholecalciferol (CALCIferol)
43
What vitamin is important for eye function?
Vitamin A- RETINol
44
What vitamins are important for cell membrane integrity?
C and E (CEll wall)- ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol
45
What vitamin is involved in blood clotting?
K-Phylloquinone
46
What vitamins are involved in free radical scavenging?
E and B12 (E is an antioxidant)- alpha-tocopherol and cobalamin
47
What vitamin is involved in amino acid and protein metabolism?
B3- Nicotinamide (niacin)
48
What vitamin is involved in nerve impulse transduction?
B4- choline (cholinergic receptors)
49
Why is multiple vitamin deficiency more common than a single vitamin?
Missing vitamin premix from feed
50
How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Binding to bile salts and passively absorbed in the duodenum and ileum, transported in lymph
51
How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed?
Active transport (some require a transporter "intrinsic factor") Sodium-dependent, carrier-mediated absorption pump
52
Provitamin
A vitamin precursor, something that is broken down into a vitamin eg. beta-ceratine -> retinol
53
What vitamin can cats not synthesize from beta-ceratine?
A- retinol
54
Vitamer
An isomer of a vitamin, may have varying physiological effects
55
What 3 transport molecules does B12 need?
haptocorrin, intrinsic factor, and transcobalamin
56
Vitamin-like substance
have similar properties to vitamins but are conditionally essential
57
What is the function of L-carnitine?
Transports LCFA into mitochondria
58
Minerals
Inorganic elements that are essential nutrients
59
What are the 7 macrominerals?
Calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, sulfur
60
What are the 10 trace elements?
Iron, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, molybdenum, fluorine, selenium, iodine, chromium
61
What are the 6 ultra-trace elements?
Molybdenum, arsenic, boron, nickel, silicon, vanadium
62
What is the function of minerals?
Structural components, electrolytes, catalysts/cofactors in hormone systems
63
How is mineral homeostasis achieved?
Excretion through urine or feces, or lackthereof
64
Are plant or meat-derived minerals more bioavailable?
Meat
65
What factors influence mineral bioavailability?
Solubility, other nutrients reacting with them, age gender and species of an animal, body stores, whether it is organic or inorganically sourced
66
Where can calcium be sourced?
bone, meat meals, and inorganic sources
67
Where can phosphorus be sourced?
Meat, oilseeds, grains, and inorganic sources
68
Where can magnesium be sourced?
Meat meal, oilseeds, grains, and inorganic sources
69
Where can trace elements be sourced?
Inorganic sources
70
What are some good and bad sources of iron, zinc, copper, and manganese?
Good: Sulfates and chlorides Bad: oxides (rust)
71
What material are minerals derived from?
Ash
72
Dry matter
a nutrient percentage calculated without water
73
As fed
a nutrient percentage calculated with water
74
Why is it important to distinguish between dry matter and as-fed?
So wet food and kibbles can be nutritionally evaluated on a level playing feild without water skewing the calculations

464 Digestive (3 decks)

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