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Crime & Deviance - Sociology > 3. Subultural Theories Of Crime And Deviance > Flashcards

3. Subultural Theories Of Crime And Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

Define subculture

A

Groups that develop norms and values which are different from wider society.

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2
Q

Define Delinquent subcultures

A

Groups that develop norms that encourage and reward criminal activity.

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3
Q

Who did Merton ignore when studying crime?

A

Ignored group crime, non-utilitarian crime

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4
Q

What are most subcultural theorists?

A

Functionalists

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5
Q

What does a lack of opportunities lead to?

A

Crime

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6
Q

What are delinquent subcultures seen as?

A

Seen as a reaction by working class males

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7
Q

What was Cohen’s theory?

A

Status frustration

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8
Q

Cohen’s status frustration: What type of response is delinquency?

A

Delinquency is a collective rather than an individual response.

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9
Q

Cohen’s Status frustration: What do W/C youths believe in?

A

W/C youths do believe in success goals of mainstream culture but their road to success is blocked.

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10
Q

Cohen’s Status frustration: Where are W/C youths stuck?

A

There stuck at the bottom of the social structure, lacking opportunity. Feeling invisible to society.

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11
Q

Cohen’s Status frustration: What do W/C youths feel is denied?

A

They feel denied a status within society so experience ‘status frustration’ resulting in delinquent subcultures where being good at rime gains status and respect.

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12
Q

Cohen’s Status frustration: What values do delinquent subcultures exhibit?

A

-Reversal of accepted forms of behaviour
-Revenge for being denied a status in society

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13
Q

Cohen’s Status frustration: Reversal of accepted forms of behaviour

A

-Gaining respect for being rebellious by reversing society’s accepted behaviours
-Instead of hard work, respect for property etc status gained through stealing, vandalism etc

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14
Q

Cohen’s Status frustration: Revenge for being denied a status in society

A

-Juvenile offences not always motivated by financial gain but getting back at society

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15
Q

Cohen’s Status frustration: What does being denied a status in society lead to?

A

-Frustration at life
-Form/joining a delinquent subculture
-Resulting in crime and deviance

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16
Q

What was Cloward and Ohlin’s theory?

A

Subcultural opportunities

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17
Q

Cloward and Ohlin’s subcultural opportunities: What did the argue?

A

Argued how young people respond depends on their neighbourhood and the opportunities to join a subculture

18
Q

Cloward and Ohlin’s subcultural opportunities: What do people have different?

A

Different life chances as well as different deviant life chances.

19
Q

Cloward and Ohlin’s subcultural opportunities: What were the three subcultures they identitified?

A
  1. Criminal subculture
  2. Conflict subculture
  3. Retreatist subculture
20
Q

Cloward and Ohlin’s subcultural opportunities: Describe Criminal subculture

A

-Stable working class areas with an established pattern of adult crime
-Provides an alternative career path with young training oppotunities
-Characterised by utilitarian crimes
-Adult criminals have high expectations

21
Q

Cloward and Ohlin’s subcultural opportunities: Describe conflict subcultures

A

-Arises in disorganised areas lacking social cohesion
-High population turnover
-Characterised by violence, gang warfare, mugging etc

22
Q

Cloward and Ohlin’s subcultural opportunities: Describe Retreatist subcultures

A

-‘Double fail’: lack of success in society and criminal subcultures
-Response is to retreat into addiction funded by petty theft and shop lifting

23
Q

What was Miller’s theory?

A

Focal Concerns

24
Q

Miller’s focal concerns: What did he say has existed for centuries?

A

A distinctive W/C male subculture

25
Q

Miller’s focal concerns: What are the 5 focal concerns

A
  1. Excitement and thrills
  2. Toughness
  3. Smartness
  4. Autonomy and freedom
  5. Trouble
26
Q

Miller’s focal concerns: What do the focal concerns lead to?

A

These alternative values carry a risk of law braking

27
Q

Miller’s focal concerns: What does Miller believe leads to delinquency?

A

Conformity to the lower-working class subculture leading to delinquency

28
Q

What are matza’s conventional values?

A

Behaviour control are in place at school, work etc

29
Q

What are Matza’s subterranean values?

A

Values of sexuality, greed, aggression which have a rightful place and are controlled elsewhere.

30
Q

According to Matza what are delinquents committed to?

A

Delinquents are committed to conventional values but are more likely to behave according to subterranean values.

31
Q

What does Matza believe delinquency does?

A

Believes delinquency justifies their crimes.

32
Q

Matza: What do delinquents use to justify their crimes?

A

They use techniques of neutralisation.

33
Q

Matza: What are the 5 techniques of neutralisation?

A
  1. Denial of responsibility
  2. Denial of the victims
  3. Denial of harm
  4. Condemnation of condemners
  5. Appeal to higher loyalties
34
Q

Matza: Denial of responsibility

A

“It isn’t my fault”
“It’s my upbringing”

35
Q

Matza: Denial of the victim

A

Crime is wrong but the victim deserved it

36
Q

Matza: Denial of harm

A

“They’re fine” “They can afford it” “There rich”

37
Q

Matza: Condemnation of condemners

A

“Everyone does it”

38
Q

Matza: Appeal to inner loyalties

A

“They need me”

39
Q

Evaluating Subcultural Theories: What’s good?

A

-Builds on Merton showing young people in groups become deviant which is ignored
-Marginalised young people do claim to feel invisible
-Left realist criminologists find subcultural theories very useful building on them to create their own theory

40
Q

Evaluating Subcultural Theories: Criticisms

A

-Matza = delinquents not really different to anyone else they just don’t control their subterranean urges well.
-These theories give an explanation but don’t tackle underlying structural inequalities
-Ignore white collar crime and state crime. Only useful for gang based street crime

Crime & Deviance - Sociology (16 decks)

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