30. amyloidosis

Question 1

whats amyloid

Answer 1

abnormal protein, chemically different in different species and diseases, morphologically similiar, deposited extracellularly in tissues

Question 2

does amyloidosis induce an inflammatory reaction

Answer 2

no

Question 3

two main types of amyloidosis

Answer 3

immune mediated and non immune mediated

Question 4

describe morphology of amyloid protein

Answer 4

fibrils, composed of protofilaments, fibre network, beta sheets, unique in staining and optical characteristics

Question 5

physical properties of amyloid proteins

Answer 5

formed by different proteins with abnormal structure, change os structure is consequence of different effects

Question 6

are amyloids soluble in water

Answer 6

no

Question 7

are amyloids soluble in acids or bases

Answer 7

poorly soluble in acids, soluble in bases

Question 8

amyloid HE staining

Answer 8

pink, homogenous

Question 9

amyoid congo red staining

Answer 9

orange

Question 10

amyloid polarised light staining

Answer 10

golden shining

Question 11

amyloid pas staining

Answer 11

red

Question 12

amyloid toluidine blue staining

Answer 12

red

Question 13

amyloid immunohistochemistry staining

Answer 13

IgG

Question 14

amyloid macroscopic staining

Answer 14

KI and sulphuric acid

Question 15

colours of amyloid under KI and sulphuric acid staining

Answer 15

brown then blue

Question 16

features of structurally stable amyloid

Answer 16

trypsin resistant, needs pretreatment with acids to be digested with trypsin

Question 17

features of structurally instable amyloid

Answer 17

can be digested with trypsin without pretreatment

Question 18

two types of amyloidosis

Answer 18

primary and secondary

Question 19

immune mediated amyloidosis pathogenesis

Answer 19

monoclonal B-lymphocyte proliferation - plasma cell activation - immunoglobulins light chains - AL protein

Question 20

immune mediated amyloidosis results in what

Answer 20

primary amyloidosis

Question 21

non immune mediated amyloidosis pathogenesis

Answer 21

chronic inflammation - macrophage activation - IL1 and 6 production - abnormal protein production in hepatocytes - SAA protein - AA protein

Question 22

non immun mediated amyloidosis results in what

Answer 22

secondary amyloidosis

Question 23

whats secondary amyloidosis

Answer 23

preceded by tissue necrosis, chronic inflammation or production of endotoxins, in vaccinated animals with bacterin vaccine, in horses for hyperimmune serum production

Question 24

why is secondary amyloidosis called typical

Answer 24

occurs on characteristic sites

Question 25

why is secondary amyloidsis called systemic

Answer 25

observed in several organs

Question 26

how do we recognise amyloidosis

Answer 26

mostly by macroscopic investigation, by histopathology

Question 27

where might we see local amyloidosis macroscopically

Answer 27

predilection sites

Question 28

where might we see systemic amyloidosis macroscopically

Answer 28

liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal gland, intestines

Question 29

harmful effects of amyloid

Answer 29

intercellular deposition, blocks normal transfer of materials, loss of function, regressive changes in tissues - these cause problems not amyloid itself

Question 30

pathology of systemic amyloidosis in the liver

Answer 30

- shape normal, enlarged - pale, in birds sometimes green - dry cut surface, easy to tear - amyloid deposited on basal membrane of sinusoids of walls of blood vessels

Question 31

pathology of systemic amyloidosis in the spleen

Answer 31

deposition in vessels of vascular elements of malpighi bodies

Question 32

pathology of systemic amyloidosis in the kidneys

Answer 32

- deposition on basal membrane of glomerular capillaries and tubuli - in or on walls of blood vessels of interstitium

Question 33

pathology of systemic amyloidosis in the adrenal gland

Answer 33

in the walls of the capillaries of the cortex

Question 34

pathology of systemic amyloidosis in the intestines

Answer 34

on basal membrane of capillaries of microvilli or intestinal glands

Question 35

whats atypical amyloidosis

Answer 35

we dont know cause or pathomechanism

Question 36

where does local amyloidosis occur in the body

Answer 36

predilection sites of the body

Question 37

where does local amyloidosis occur in horses

Answer 37

in the skin or the mucosa of the nasal cavity, tumour like swellings

Question 38

where does local amyloidosis occur in dogs and cats

Answer 38

in heart muscle or leptomeninx of aging animals

Question 39

whats APUD-amyloidosis

Answer 39

the production and decarboxylation of amine precurses

Question 40

result of APUD-amyloidosis

Answer 40

these active polypeptides will eb secreted into the cells environment after decarboxylation and amyloid is made from excess protein

Question 41

cells of APUD system

Answer 41

- enterochromaffin cells of stomach and intestinal walls - parafollicular C cells of thyroid gland - alpha and beta cells of langerhans islets - ACTH-producing cells of adenohypophysis