3.0 Hardware Flashcards

Question

Notes: Fiber Optic cable Connectors

Answer 1

ST Connector: - ST (straight tip) - 1980s and 1990s - Used in SMF (single mode fiber) installations LC Connector: - LC (Lucent connection / local connection / little connector) - Snaps-in style connector - Small form-factor connector - Used in SMF and MMF (multi-mode fiber) installations SC Connector: - SC (standard connector / square connector) - Snaps-in style connector - Used in SMF and MMF installations Dual LC Connector: - Dual LC - Snaps-in style connector - Small form-factor connector - Used in SMF and MMF installations

Answer 2

1) ST connector (straight tip) 2) LC connector (local/little connector) 3) SC connector (standard connector) 4) Dual LC connector

Answer 3

SMF -- Single Mode Fiber is just one strand of fiber that's generally sending OR receiving, never both at the same time. MMF -- Multi Mode Fiber allows you to send and receive data at the same time

Answer 4

Cable -- Coax -------------------- Connector -- BNC and F EMI Protection -- Shielding Max Speed -- 1 Gigabit Max Distance -- 1100 meters Conductor -- Copper Cost -- $$$ Cable -- STP (Shelled Twisted Pair) -------------------- Connector -- RJ-45 & RJ-11 EMI Protection -- Shielding Max Speed -- 10 Gigabits Max Distance -- 100 meters Conductor -- Copper Cost -- $$ Cable -- UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) -------------------- Connector -- RJ-45 & RJ-11 EMI Protection -- None Max Speed -- 10 Gigabits Max Distance -- 100 meters Conductor -- Copper Cost -- $ Cable -- SMF (Single Mode FIBER) -------------------- Connector -- ST, SC, & LC EMI Protection -- Not susceptible Max Speed -- less than 100 Gigabits Max Distance -- 40 kilometers Conductor -- Glass Cost -- $$$$$$ Cable -- MMF (Multi-Mode FIBER) -------------------- Connector -- SC & LC EMI Protection -- Not susceptible Max Speed -- less than 100 Gigabits Max Distance -- 500 meters Conductor -- Glass Cost -- $$$$$

Answer 5

SATA (Serial ATA)

Answer 6

Type -- Max Speed --------------------------- SATA 1 -- 1.5 Gbps / 150 MB/s SATA 2 -- 3 Gbps / 300 MB/s SATA 3 -- 6 Gbps / 600 MB/s

Answer 7

PATA/IDE connectors

Answer 8

SCSI - 320 MB/s max data rate - 80-pin ribbon connectors - 1 connector supports many drives - (mostly on servers) IDE/PATA - 166 MB/s max data rate - 40-pin ribbon connector - 1 connector supports 2 drives

Answer 9

HD and UHD audio AND video - Most common connector for connecting computers to monitors and televisions - An active HDMI cable is required for connections longer than 25 ft - HDCP (High-Definition Copy and Protection) support is required for some HD and UHD content like Blue-ray video and some streaming services

Answer 10

- HD and UHD audio AND video - Support HD digital video and audio signals - Popularized by Apple and commonly used by gamers to achieve very high refresh rates. - Can be combined with USB and Thunderbolt ports

Answer 11

DisplayPort bigger and squarer, has one notch (3 sharp corners, 1 slanted corner) HDMI medium sized, has two notches (2 sharp corners, 2 slanted corners)

Answer 12

- Older / legacy - SD and HD analog video - 15 pin D-SUB - Normally colored blue

Answer 13

- SD and HD analog and digital video - Normally colored white

Answer 14

Video adapter

Answer 15

1) RJ11 -- ethernet used to connect telephones RJ45 -- ethernet used to connect networks 2) F type -- coax 3) ST Straight tip -- fiber optic SC subscriber connector -- fiber optic LC lucent connector -- fiber optic 4) Punchdown block -- hub for cables 5) microUSB, miniUSB, USB-C 6) Molex -- power up IDE hard drives 7) Lightning port -- Apple charger

Answer 16

USB -- Universal Serial Bus - Supports keyboards, mouse, storage devices, printers, scanners, webcams, gamepads, ethernet, Wi-Fi, displays, audio devices, touchscreens, etc. - 127 devices can be plugged into USB (usb hub)

Answer 17

USB 1.0 -- LowSpeed (1.5Mbps) *white* USB 1.1 -- FullSpeed (12 Mbps) *white* USB 2.0 -- Hi-Speed (480 Mbps) *black* USB 3.0 -- SuperSpeed (5 Gbps) *blue* USB 3.1 -- SuperSpeed+ (10 Gbps) *teal* USB 3.2 -- SuperSpeed++ (20 Gbps) *N/A* USB 4 -- SuperSpeed+++ (40 Gbps) *N/A*

Answer 18

Type A (host port) - Computer connector Type B (guest port) - Device connector Type C (host and guest port) - Computer & device connector *reversable*

Answer 19

Thunderbolt - Fastest and most capable connector - Compatible with DisplayPort and USB devices - Supports storage devices, displays, audio, networking, and adapters - 6 thunderbolt devices can be daisy chained using a single thunderbolt port

Answer 20

Version 1 - 10 Gbps - Mini Display Port Version 2 - 20 Gbps - Mini Display Port Version 3 - 40 Gbps - USB Type C Version 4 - 80 Gbps - USB Type C

Answer 21

Serial Port is one of the oldest ports still in used but for very few occasions - Most computers do NOT include a serial port, but on can be added via USB, PCI, or PCIe - Can be used to manage enterprise class network devices, program microcontrollers, or control robotic equipment

Answer 22

Double Data Rate (DDR) is the advanced version of synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) - The difference between SDRAM (older version) and DDR is how much data is transported with each cycle - DDR RAM is available in various types (DDR, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, DDR5 (newest)) - Different type are NOT compatible with each other - A motherboard that supports one type of DDR will NOT work with any other type ------------------------------------------------------------------- Performance Rating (Formula) DDR - 266 = PC - 2100 266 (Transfer Rate) x 8 (Bits) = 2128 (Mbps)

Answer 23

RAM is the most common type of system memory used by todays computing devices. All applications that are open on a system require some amount of memory, so the higher capacity of RAM the more applications that can be opened. - SRAM: Static RAM is memory that is often used as cache inside of CPUs, hard drives, LCDs, and other components. It is soldered directly to the component, so it is NOT a serviceable part. - DRAM: Dynamic RAM is the memory that we install on the motherboard. - They vary in capacity from 2GB - 32GB commonly but are available in larger sizes

Answer 24

Volatile (TEMPERARY STORAGE like RAM) -- when the computer loses power it loses the memory Non-Volatile (PERMANENT STORAGE like HDD or SSD) -- when the computer loses power, it keeps the memory

Answer 25

RAM is available in two packages, DIMMs and SODIMMs. - DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) - Commonly found in desktops and servers - SODIMM (Small Outline Dual Inline Memory Module) - Commonly found in laptops

Answer 26

Memory channeling allows a system to access more RAM simultaneously to improve performance. Channel -- Single Channel Configuration -- No requirements Description -- System can access a SINGLE chip at a time Channel -- Dual Channel Configuration -- Matching pairs Description -- System can access TWO chips at once Channel -- Triple Channel Configuration -- Matching threes Description -- System can access THREE chips at once Channel -- Quad Channel Configuration -- Matching fours Description -- System can access FOUR chips at once

Answer 27

When maxing out RAM on a motherboard verify if it requires single-sided or double-sided memory. Single-sided memory can be more expensive at higher capacity with no performance benefit.

Answer 28

1) Latency - Measures how **responsive** RAM is when data is being read from it - Reported as CAS level or in milliseconds; lower is better for either 2) ECC (Error checking and correcting) RAM - Can detect and fix errors in data on RAM - Makes a system more stable NOT faster - Commonly found in critical servers 3) Registered and Buffered Memory - Includes extra chips to allow for more consistent communications between the memory controller and RAM - Only found in high memory capacity servers - Unbuffered memory is common for most desktop and portable systems.

Answer 29

- The CPU chipset determines the features below, consider the following when acquiring RAM for an upgrade or replacement: - Max capacity is predetermined - RAM type is the most important since only one is supported. - DIMMs are found in desktop and server systems. - SODIMMs are found in laptops and SFF (small form factor) computers - RAM Speed should match motherboard supported speed for best experience, but it is not a requirement for compatibility. - Number of slots will determine how many pieces of RAM can be installed.

Answer 30

Capacity - Defines how MUCH data can be stored - Measured in MB, GB, TB Performance (Throughput) - Defines how FAST data can be read or written - Measured in bps, Mbps, Gbps, - Also known as throughput Interface (Connector) - Is how the drive CONNECTS to the computer system - Internal interfaces: SATA or m.2 - External interfaces: USB or Thunderbolt - Also known as the connector Form factor - Defines the dimensions of the disk

Answer 31

- Hard Disk Drives use a magnetic head to read/write data onto spinning metal or ceramic platters - Available in 2.5" and 3.5" form factors - Commonly connected to SATA interfaces - Also found in legacy interfaces such as IDE/PATA and SCSI - Advantages - Affordable in large sizes up to 22TB Disadvantages - Not ideal for mobile since there are so many moving parts (Vibrations can cause the drive head to crash into the platter damaging the drive) - Slower at reading and writing data then an SSD (Solid State Drive)

Answer 32

- USB Thumb/Flash/Pen Drives - Faster, larger, and more durable than floppy disks or optical media - Meant to be used to transport data - Should NOT be used as persistent storage like HDD - Memory Cards/ Storage Cards - Used in portable devices (like smartphones, cameras, tablets) - Many formats exist: microSD, miniSD, etc. Card readers can be used to connect a storage card is support isn't included in a device

Answer 33

- RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks) - Combines identical hard drives to either increase storage capacity and performance, provide data protection or both. - RAID is not specific to any kind of drive (IDE, SATA, M.2, PCIe, USB, Thunderbolt) - Hardware RAID - Motherboard built-in RAID - PCI or PCIe RAID controller card - USB/Thunderbolt external RAID encloser - Software RAID - Windows: Dynamic Disk and Storage Spaces - macOS: Disk Utility can be used to create RAID arrays - Linux: Built-in to the Linux kernel as a standard - JBOD (Just a Bunch of Disks)

Answer 34

RAID 0 - Uses disk striping to combine drives into one larger and faster logical drive. - Disk Striping is a method of storage that spreads data bits across all disks in the array, increasing performance and capacity. Advantage: - Faster read and write because of disk striping (PERFORMANCE -- GIVES SPEED NOT REDUNDENCY) - Larger storage then any single disk - Only TWO disks are required, but more disks will increase capacity and performance Disadvantage: - NO Data Protection! - If one disk fails all data is lost without a backup. DIAGRAM: RAID 0 ----------- ----------- A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 | A1 | A2 |

Answer 35

RAID 1 - Provides data protection by mirroring data across two disk - Disk Mirroring actively duplicates bits across two disks to prevent data loss. Advantage: - Data protection - If one disk fails, there is NO data loss - Only TWO disks are required, but more disks will increase protection, but NOT capacity or performance - No performance lost if a disk fails - Fast recovery Disadvantage: - Max storage capacity is limited to the size of a single disk - One disk for storage and one for protection DIAGRAM: RAID 1 ----------- ----------- A1 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 A4 A4 | A1 | A1 |

Answer 36

RAID 5 - Uses disk striping to combine drives into one larger and faster logical drive and distributes parity across all disks in the array - Parity data -- is a smaller representative value that can be used to recreate data if data is lost - Advantage: - Data protection - (If one disk can fail, parity will be used to recreate the data) - Larger storage than a single drive - Disadvantage - THREE disks are required, but more disks will increase capacity NOT protection or performance - Parity is SLOW! - Makes working while a disk has failed slow - Makes rebuilding the array slow when replacing a degraded disk DIAGRAM: RAID 5 ----------- ----------- ----------- A1 A2 *P1* A3 *P2* A4 *P3* A5 A6 A7 A8 A9

Answer 37

RAID 10 - (1+0) combines disk into RAID 1 arrays and then combines those arrays into a RAID 0 Advantage: - Faster read and write because of disk striping - Larger storage than any single disk - More disks will increase capacity, performance, and protection - No performance lost if a disk fails - Fast recovery Disadvantage: - FOUR disk minimum - If a RAID 1 array fails all data will be lost (That's two disks in a single RAID 1 failing) DIAGRAM: RAID 10 --------- RAID 0 -------------- -------------- RAID 1 RAID 1 ----------- ----------- ----------- ----------- A1 A1 A2 A2 A3 A3 A4 A4 A5 A5 A6 A6 A7 A7 A8 A8

Answer 38

Solid State Drives (SSD) - Uses an array of flash chips to read and write data electrically - Available in SATA and M.2 for factors Advantages: - Ideal for mobile since there are no moving parts - Faster at reading/writing data Disadvantages: - More expensive than HDDs - Limited write cycles

Answer 39

- M.2 connectors have quickly become the preferred SSD form factor - Smallest drive form factor - Replaced the older mSATA standard - Supports SATA and NVMe SSDs - Formerly NGFF (Next Generation Form Factor) - M.2 slots are "keyed" to identify what type of device or drive is supported ---------------------------------------------------------------- Key ID -- B Key Device Supported -- SATA SSD Standard -- SATA Key ID -- M Key Device Supported -- NVMe SSD Standard -- PCIe x2/x4 Key ID -- B + M Key Device Supported -- SATA or NVMe SSD Standard -- SATA or PCIe

Answer 40

NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express) - PCIe based SSD drive which provides the best performance - Fastest SSDs on the market - Available in different lengths

Answer 41

1) Throttling - A CPU is done to reduce power consumption and so the CPU generates less heat. Modern CPUs will reduce their clock speed if they become too hot. - (Intel calls it throttling technology "SpeedStep" while AMD calls their throttling technology "Cool'n'Quiet") 2) Overclocking - A CPU will increase the CPU frequency by increasing the multiplier to get better performance. - (Supply's a better cooling solution is a must when overclocking; liquid cooling is recommended -- only recommended for gamers) 3) Clock Multipliers - Are used to change the ratio of the base clock and the external clock often modified to overclock a CPU. - (CPU clock x Clock multiplier = CPU frequency -- 150MHz x 10 = 1,500 MHz/1.5 GHz)

Answer 42

Passive Cooling - techniques do NOT use any moving parts 1) Thermal Compounds - Are a paste or grease that's applied to the top of a chip to assist in moving the heat away from a chip. - Fills in the microscopic imperfections in the CPU aluminum lid - Conducts heat away from the CPU and into the heat sink. - Must be replaced if it becomes dry and brittle. 2) Thermal pads - Are soft rubber pads that are an alternative to thermal compounds. - Last longer than thermal compound but not as good at transferring heat. - Commonly used on memory chips. - NOT commonly used with CPUs 3) Heat Sinks - Are blocks of metal that absorb the heat from the chip they sit on. - Commonly used with CPUs, memory, SSDs, GPUs, and chipsets - Before you install a heat sink, you must always apply thermal compound

Answer 43

Active Cooling 1) CPU Fan / CPU Cooler - Includes a heatsink with a FAN mounted on it. - (If a system is overheating, consider replacing the stock cooler with a more efficient one, Compatibility is based on the CPU socket type) 2) Case Fan - Intake fans pull in cool air - Exhaust fans push out the hot air (Also, the bigger the fan, the quieter the noise)

Answer 44

Liquid Cooling - Uses either water or coolant to transfer heat as quickly as possible and quiet - Can be very dangerous (leaking) - Liquid cooling kits can be more efficient, but require more maintenance - Only recommended if overclocking or gaming

Answer 45

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is a core component of all computing devices. - Processes instructions for the OS, applications, and other components. - Motherboard chipset and socket define CPU compatibility.

Answer 46

1) x86 / x64 - Designed for desktop and server systems - Intel and AMD dominate the market on it - Consumes lots of power and generates lots of heat - Large library of compatible software 2) ARM - Designed for mobile and laptops - Apple & Samsung are market competition - Power efficient and generates less heat - Limited software compatibility

Answer 47

DESKTOP CPUs 1) PGA (Pin Grid Array) Socket - Connector with holes to receive the pins from the bottom of the CPU - Older style still used by AMD 2) LGA (Land Grid Array) Socket - Connector with pins that contact the pads on the bottom of the CPU - Intel created and exclusively uses LGA sockets - Used by AMD for their Ryzen Threadripper and EYPC CPUs SERVER CPUs 1) Multi-Socket Motherboards - Some server motherboards have multiple CPU sockets to provide high performance - Can be either LGA or PGA socket types but never both

Answer 48

Intel High-Performance CPUs -- Corei9 Mainstream CPUs -- Core i5 and i7 Budget CPUs -- Core i3, Pentium & Celeron Server CPUs -- Xeon AMD High-Performance CPUs -- Ryzen Threadripper Mainstream CPUs -- Ryzen Budget CPUs -- Athlon and A-Series Server CPUs -- EYPC

Answer 49

Mobile CPUs -- are designed to be smaller and more power efficient than desktop CPUs to better fit the use of mobile users. BGA (Ball Grid Array) Socket - There is no connector, instead balls of solder on are used to attach the CPU to the board - Intel and AMD use them for their mobile CPUs

Answer 50

1) Hyper-Threading - Is an Intel based technology which allows a CPU core to process multiple instructions instantaneously - Referred to as Simultaneous multithreading (SMT) by other manufactures like AMD 2) A multicore processor - Is a single chip that has two or more processor cores attached - Provides enhanced performance and reduced power consumption - Enables more efficient simultaneous processing of multiple tasks - Dual-Core, Quad-Core, Hexa-Core, and Octa-Core processor are common in all computing devices

Answer 51

Virtualization Support -- allows for a system to host VMs (virtual machines) - Not all CPUs support this feature, check manufacturers' documentation - Can be enabled or disabled in the BIOS/UEFI utility - Intel Virilization Technology (Intel VT) - AMD Virtualization Technology (AMD-V)

Answer 52

Expansion Cards: ------------------------- 1) Sound card 2) Video card (GPUs) 3) Capture card 4) NIC card

Answer 53

SLI allows you to bond two cards (Graphics cards) together

Answer 54

PCI (Peripheral Computer Interconnect) - Expansion slots are used to attach hardware devices to expand the capabilities of a computer system beyond what's integrated into the motherboard. - PCI slots are the oldest and slowest slots so should only be used for the sake of compatibility (32-bit bus allows for 266 MB/s). - Mini PCI slots can be found in older mobile computers but are not common.

Answer 55

PCIe (Peripheral Computer Interconnect Express) - Expansion slots are used to attach hardware devices to expand the capabilities of a computer system beyond what's integrated into the motherboard. - PCIe slots are the latest and fastest slot - Available in different sizes (x1, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32) - Bigger slots offer more lanes to transfer data so offer increased performance over the smaller slots. - Smaller cards will ALWAYS work in a bigger slot - Bigger cards can SOMETIMES work in a smaller slot - Mini PCIe is a common internal expansion for laptops and desktops - Mostly used for WiFi adapters and SSD storage

Answer 56

A BIOS (Basic Input Output System) or a UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware) is included on every motherboard to initiate the boot process and to manage integrated hardware. - ROM (read-only memory) chip is used to store the BIOS/UEFI - UEFI Only Features: - Secure boot: Blocks untrusted code from running at boot up - Faster startup: Loads an operating system faster than a BIOS - Mouse and keyboard interaction: BIOS only support keyboard interactions

Answer 57

The CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) is used to store configuration changes done to the BIOS/UEFI. - CMOS/BIOS/UEFI Setup Utility can be accessed by pressing "Delete" or "F2" during boot, but it does vary by system - RTC (Real-Time Clock) is part of the CMOS and is used to provide the time to the computer system. - A "boot time password" can be configured to be required before the operating system loads. - CMOS is physically located on volatile memory. - Volatile memory requires power to store information - CR2032 coin batteries keep power to the CMOS - If the battery dies or is removed the CMOS will reset back to its default settings

Answer 58

Common CMOS settings - Manage Integrated features 1) Boot Device Priority 2) Boot Time Passwords 3) Enable/Disable access to ports 4) Wake-on-LAN (WoL) 5) Virtualization Support 6) CPU multipliers and voltages 7) RAM timing and voltages

Answer 59

A PSU (Power Supply Unit) is a critical component since they provide power to the motherboard and all other components attached to it. 1) Watts -- identify the total amount of power a PSU can deliver - (500 watts is what CompTIA recommends as a standard PSU) - (Match the wattage when replacing a PSU or get one with a higher wattage, never lower) 2) Non-Modular PSUs (CABLES) -- have all the cables permanently attached - Can take up space and reduce airflow 3) Modular PSUs (NO CABLES) -- don't have any cables attached, just connectors - Only need to attach the cables that are needed 4) Redundant Power Supplies

Answer 60

ATX vs SFX Smaller vs Bigger 1) ATX PSUs are used in computer cases that support ATX and Micro-ATX motherboards 2) SFX PSUs are used in computer cases that support Mini-ITX or smaller form factors

Answer 61

v = volts 1) Molex power connector - Supplies 5v and 12v - Used by IDE drives, case fans, etc. - Also known as the "Standard connector" 2) SATA Drive power connector - Supplies 5v, 12v, and 3.3v - Used on SATA drives only 3) PCIe power connector - Used to give additional power to PCIe video cards - 6 pin supplies 3 rails of 12v - 8 pin supplies 4 rails of 12v 4) ATX connector - Supplies 5v, 12v, and 3.3v - Gives power to the motherboard - Comes in a 20 pin and 24 pin version 5) ATX12v - 4 pin connector also known as the P4 connector - Connects to the motherboard to give power to the CPU

Answer 62

1) Printers are the oldest output devices and are still in home and businesses today. a) Most Printers are really "Multifunction Devices (MFD)" which could include things like printing, faxing, scanning, and copying all in one. 2) CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key/Black) is the four-color printing process used by color printers. It can produce thousands of distinct colors. 3) Common Interfaces: USB, WiFi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, or NFC

Answer 63

PCL (Printer Control Language) and PostScript is that they're both -- Page Description Languages (PDL) 1) PCL is trademarked by HP a) most used 2) PostScript developed by Adobe a) Mostly used in industrial printers

Answer 64

1) Printer share a) Computer on the network that is sharing it's printer b) Computer has to be on 2) Printer server a) A dedicated computer used to share printers b) Can be a server in the network or can be done on a large multifunction device (automatic document feeder)

Answer 65

1) Duplex a) The ability to flip the page on both sides of page 2) Orientation 3) Tray settings 4) Quality

Answer 66

1) User authentication a) Used to allow only specific individuals or groups to use the printer 2) Badging a) If supported some devices will required to scan a badge in order to print to the device 3) Audit logs a) Can display who used it and when b) Shows any errors both software and hardware issues 4) Secured prints 6) If supported will require input of a code to be able to print

Answer 67

Finishers take care of the busy work that happens after printing. 1) Duplexers -- enable automatic 2-sided printing 2) Collator/Separator -- properly orders the pages in a print job and separates each print job 3) Stapler -- can staple all the pages in a print job 4) Binder -- can print booklets usually with a spiral binding 5) Paper trays -- allow a printer to hold more paper and different sizes of paper

Answer 68

Laser Printer Maintenance Kit 1) When a printer prints a certain amount of pages you will need to replace many parts 2) A maintenance kit usually replaces: a) Fuser Unit b) Transfer Roller c) Paper Feed Roller / Separation Roller d) Pickup Roller

Answer 69

Laser Printers -- fuse powered ink onto paper by using very high heat to melt toner on to the page Advantage: - Fastest printer - Lowest cost per-page (ccp) for black and white printing Disadvantage: - Highest cost per-page for color printing Maintenance: - Replace toner, apply maintenance kit, calibrate, clean

Answer 70

1) Toner -- the powered ink used a) Avoid inhaling 2) Imaging Drum -- a photosensitive drum that the laser/led write to a) If the drum gets scratched it will leave visible marks on the print outs. 3) Transfer Belt and rollers a) Keeps the colors aligned in a laser color printer 4) Erase Lamp -- clears the imaging drum a) If the erase lamp fails it will leave part of the previous print job on the drum which will show up on the next print job, this is called "Ghosting" 5) Pickup Rollers a) Pickups paper from the tray b) Can be clean or replaced if needed 6) Separation Pads a) Separate paper to ensure the printer doesn't pickup more than one sheet 7) Duplexing Assembly a) Used to print on two (both) sides of the page

Answer 71

1) Primary Corona -- Wire charges the imaging drum. a) If the primary corona wire fails, it may cause the printer to output blank or black pages. 2) Transfer Corona -- Wire/Roller pulls the toner onto the paper from the drum a) If the transfer corona wire fails, it will cause the printer to output blank pages. 3) Laser writes -- to the imaging drum 4) Fuser melts -- the toner onto the paper a) If the fuser fails, it will lead to the toner being able to be rubbed of the page

Answer 72

1) Processing a) The printer receives and processes the image and stores the page in memory 2) Charging a) Places a -600VDC charge on teh photosensitive drum using the charging corona. 3) Exposing a) The laser writes an image onto the photosensitive drum, by lowing voltage (-100VDC) 4) Developing a) The developing roller has a negative charge and the toner stuck to it. As the rolls the toner toward the photosensitive drum, the toner is attracted to it. 5) Transferring a) The image is then transferred from the drum to the paper. 6) Fusing a) The fuser, with a fuser roller and the pressure roller make the image permanent. The paper then exits the printer. 7) Cleaning a) The print then uses a rubber scraper to clean the photosensitive drum. -------------------- Summary: A) The drum is charged to a negative charge, B) The laser writes to it, a lesser negative charge, C) The toner is then going to be attracted to the drum (through the developer roll) D) The fuser is hot then stamps down the toner

Answer 73

Inkjet Printer uses ink in the form of "ink cartridges" -- it prints by spraying the ink onto the page. 1) Advantage: - Most affectable 2) Disadvantage: - Ink cartridges are expensive and dry up if you don't use them. - Every time you install a new ink cartridge you must "recalibrate" the printer which consumes ink and paper 3) Inkjet Printer Components - Ink cartridge, print head, roller, feeder, duplexing assembly, carriage belt 4) Maintenance - Clean heads, replace cartridges, calibrate, clear jams

Answer 74

Impact Printers -- use ink in the form of an "ink ribbon" and print by some mechanism striking the ribbon to transfer an image to the page. 1) "Dot matrix" and "Daisy wheel" printers are the most common impacy printers. Advantage a) Can print on carbon backed paper Disadvantage a) Slow and loud b) The tractor feed paper would often jam the printer 2) Impact Printer Components a) Printer head, ribbon, tractor feed b) Impact paper 3) Maintenance a) Replace ribbon, replace print head, replace paper

Answer 75

Thermal Printers are the only printer that does no use ink to print. It prints on heat sensitive paper. 1) The "heat sensitive paper" is easy to identify because it has a "shiny" or waxy look 2) Printouts are meant to be "disposable", so if you want to keep the information for along time you can make a "photocopy or scan" the printout 3) Thermal Printer Components a) Feed assembly, heating element b) Special thermal paper 4) Maintenance a) Replace paper, clean heating element, remove debris

Answer 76

**b) DDR5** *a) SODIMM is used in laptop computers. b) Registered memory is used on servers. d) SRAM is used on processors or cache memory. b) DDR5 is the best option here since it can be used on desktop computers.*

Answer 77

**a) SSD** *Solid-state drives (SSD) will be much faster than traditional hard drives since there are no moving parts. SCSI and IDE are interfaces for storage media not storage media types.*

Answer 78

**d) Find a compatible motherboard** *If the processor will not work in a certain motherboard, the only solution would be to purchase a motherboard that supports the processor. It is not possible to remove pins or change the sockets on a motherboard. There is no such thing as a universal socket.*

Answer 79

**b) RAID 1** *RAID 1 is considered a mirrored RAID. It writes the same data to two disks. If one disk fails, the other one will continue working. This is done for fault tolerance*

Answer 80

**d) Upgrade the RAM** *If a computer is having issues opening up multiple applications at once, it is more than likely due to the lack of RAM. This is especially likely in this scenario since spreadsheets generally consume large amounts of memory due to their size.*

Answer 81

**b) Check to ensure the power supply has sufficient wattage** *When installing an add-on video card, it is important to ensure the power supply has enough wants to support them. Many of them require significant power from the power supply. CompTIA standard is 500 W*

Answer 82

**d) VT-x** *Intel VT-x (Virtualization Technology for x86) is specifically designed to enable hardware-assisted virtualization, allowing the hypervisor to manage virtual machines efficiently by providing direct CPU-level support. Without VT-x enabled, most hypervisors cannot fully utilize the processor's virtualization features, making it essential for running virtual environments.*

Answer 83

**a) Try to Backup the data** *At ticking noise generally represents imminent failure for a hard drive. If possible it would be best to backup the data as soon as possible.Replacing the HDD will likely be necessary, but the FIRST step is to attempt to backup the data before the drive fails.*

Answer 84

**b) The ribbon is low on ink or missing and must be replaced** *A Dot matrix printer utilizes ribbons and ink to print on the first page. It will then use carbon page to print on the other parts of the form.*

Answer 85

**c) Load balancer** *A load balancer will distribute traffic to all servers equally. This would allow more users to use multiple servers in order to browse the e-commerce site.*