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DMSO Physics > Chapter 11 & 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 & 24 Flashcards

1
Q

Axis

X=depth

Y=Amplitude

A

A-mode

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2
Q

Axis

X=depth

Z=amplitude (brightness of dot along beam)

A

B-mode

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3
Q

Axis

X=time

Y=depth

A

M-mode

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4
Q

What is the only display mode that provides informatoin regarding reflector otion with respect to time?

A

M-mode

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5
Q

wiht A-mode, what is displayed on the X-axis

A

depth of reflector

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6
Q

With M-mode, what is displayed on the y-axis

A

depth of reflector

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7
Q

which mode provides the foundation for real-time, gray scale autonomic imaging

A

B-mode

brightness mode

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8
Q

with A-mode, what is displayed on the y-axis

A

amplitude of the reflected signal

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9
Q

in M-mode, what is displayed on the x-axis

A

time

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10
Q

with B-mode, which axis is related to the strength of the reflection

A

Z-axis is related to strength in B-mode

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11
Q

small probe with PZT that measures the acoustic pressure of a sound wave

A

hydrophone

microprobe

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12
Q

sound beams force upon an object when it strikes it

A

radiation force

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13
Q

based on the interaction of light and sound

shadowing system call a Schlieren, allows us to view the shape of a sound beam in a medium

A

acousto-optics

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14
Q

calorimeter

thermocouple

liquid crystal

A

diveces that measure output of ultrasound transducers by absorption

conversion of sound energy into heat

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15
Q

measures total power in sound beam through process of absorption

energy is transformed into heat

A

calorimeter

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16
Q

tiny device that measures the temperature rise or fall in a sound beam

A

thermocouple

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17
Q

they change color based on their temperature

A

liquid crystals

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18
Q

when do we perform an ultrasound

A

when the benefits outweigh the risk

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19
Q

science of identifying and measuring the characteristics of an ultrasound beam that are relevant to its potentioal for producing biological effects

A

dosimetry

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20
Q

research out of the body

A

In vitro

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21
Q

research in the body

A

In vivo

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22
Q

mechanistic

empirical

A

two approaches to study bioeffects

23
Q

cause and effect

A

mechanistic

24
Q

exposure and response

A

empirical

25
Q

broad exposure range can be evaluated

A

strength of mechanistic

26
Q

uncertainty about assumptions

are other mechanisms involved

is the bioeffect clinically significant

A

weakness of mechanistic

27
Q

biological significance is obvious

no need to understand mechanism

A

strength of empirical

28
Q

specis differences may alter results

no need to understand mechanism

A

weakness of empirical

29
Q

thermal

cavitation (non-thermal)

A

mechanisms of bioeffects

30
Q

bioeffects results from the rise in tissue temperature

A

thermal mechanism

31
Q

useful predictor of max temperature increase under most clinally relevant conditions

A

Thermal Index

TI

32
Q

TIS

TIB

TIC

A

three forms of Thermal Index

33
Q

index in soft tissue

A

TIS

34
Q

index in bone

A

TIB

35
Q

index at cranial bone

A

TIC

36
Q

location of highest risk of thermal bioeffects

A

junction of soft tissue and bone

37
Q

maximum beam heating related to the

A

SPTA

38
Q

testicular temperature rise that can cause infertility

A

2-4 deg

39
Q

2 elements of thermal bioeffect measurement

A

temperature

exposure time

40
Q

cavitation

radiatoin force

A

nonthermal mechanisms

41
Q

interaction of sound waves with microscopic , stabilized gas bubbles in tissue

A

cavitation

42
Q

stable

transient

A

forms of cavitation

43
Q

oscillating bubble

microstreaming and shear stresses

lower MI

A

stable cavitation

44
Q

normal or inertial

bursting bubble

shock waves and very high temperatures

higher MI

A

transient cavitation

45
Q

less cavitation

less pressure

higher freq

A

lower MI

46
Q

more cavitation

more pressure

lower freq

A

higher MI

47
Q

studies associated with population

A

epidemiology

48
Q

studies are retrospective

ambiguities in the data

risk factors other than exposure may exist

A

limitations of epidemiologic studies

49
Q

prospective

randomized studies

A

best epidemiologic studies

50
Q

forward looking study

A

prospective

51
Q

one group is exposed and another is not

A

randomized study

52
Q

AIUM limit

100mw/cm^2

A

unfocused beam strength

53
Q

AIUM limit

1 w/cm^2

A

focused beam strength

DMSO Physics (16 decks)

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