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Nutrition AKA The most boring class on earth > Energy Balance > Flashcards

Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Define respiratory quotient and name the quotients for carbs, protein, and fat.

A

vC02/v02

  1. 0 - carbs
  2. 85 - protein
  3. 7 - fat
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2
Q

What are the three components of total energy expenditure (TEE)? What are their relative proportions of TEE?

A
  1. Basal energy expenditure (BEE) - 60-70%
  2. Thermic effect on feeding (TEF) - 10-15%
  3. Physical activity (EEPA) - 30-40%
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3
Q

What is the major tissue determinant of basal energy expenditure (BEE)?

A

Fat free mass (FFM) aka lean mass

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4
Q

Stimulation of the ____ _______ receptor can lead to the activation of uncoupling protein to increase heat production in adipose cells.

A

beta-3 adrenergic

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5
Q

What is the primary hormonal determinant of BEE?

A

Thyroid hormone

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6
Q

BEE drops ____% per year as a result of aging.

A

1-2%

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7
Q

Foods rich in which macronutrient result in the highest thermic effect of feeding (TEF)?

A

Protein

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8
Q

What are the two components of energy expenditure for physical activity (EEPA)?

A
  1. Expenditure during exercise and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC).
  2. Non-exercise activity thermogenesis
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9
Q

Basal energy expenditure can better adapt to ______feeding than to ______feeding.

A

Adapts better to underfeeding than to overfeeding.

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10
Q

What is the non-homeostatic food intake mechanism?

A

The reward system

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11
Q

Do leptin and insulin control long-term, or short-term food intake?

A

Long-term

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12
Q

What nutrients do enteroendocrine cells detect and what do they send their signals through?

A

Detect carbs, amino acids, LCFAs and SCFAs. “Gut hormones” are sent to vagal neurons, spinal neurons, enteric neurons, and into fenestrated capillaries –> circulation.

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13
Q

Is Ghrelin a peptide or steroid hormone?

A

Peptide

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14
Q

Where is Ghrelin produced?

A

Stomach

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15
Q

On what organ does Ghrelin act on?

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

What does Ghrelin do?

A

Make you hungry

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17
Q

People that are obese have _____ levels of ghrelin than people who are of normal weight.

A

Lower

18
Q

What hormone is thought to mediate the satiety gained through high protein diets?

A

CCK

19
Q

Can a very high protein diet increase risk for bone loss?

A

Yeah

20
Q

Where is CCK secreted from? In response to what?

A

Duodenum in response to protein and fat.

21
Q

What gastric effects result from CCK secretion?

A

Satiation and delayed gastric emptying

22
Q

What does CCK act on?

A

Vagus nerve

23
Q

How do high glycemic index foods result in more frequent eating?

A

The spike in insulin may actually cause hypoglycemia –> hunger

24
Q

Is there evidence to support long-term weight loss as a result of low glycemic index diets?

A

No

25
Q

Name three things that fiber does in the GI tract.

A
  1. Delays emptying
  2. Promotes stretch
  3. Decreases the rates of absorption and digestion
26
Q

Name a benefit of delaying food digestion and absorption.

A

As food moves distally in GI tract, enteroendocrine cells become more frequent and they will secrete more GLP-1 and peptide YY (hormones)

27
Q

Where is GLP-1 made and what triggers its secretion?

A

Made by L cells in the small intestine in response to luminal macronutrient sensing and vagal input.

28
Q

What are the actions of GLP-1?

A

Delayed gastric emptying, incretin effect (glucose-dependent insulin secretion)

29
Q

Where is peptide YY made and what triggers its secretion?

A

Made by L cells in the distal small intestine and in the colon in response to luminal macronutrients.

30
Q

What are the effects of peptide YY?

A

Delayed gastric emptying, satiety.

31
Q

What three things affect the energy density of a food?

A

water, fat, fiber

32
Q

Which cells make leptin? What organ does it act on?

A

Adipose. Acts on hypothalamus.

33
Q

What does leptin do? Is its secretion proportional to fat stores?

A

Leptin is a satiety hormone. It is proportional to fat stores but people who are obese are less sensitive to the hormone.

34
Q

Non-homeostatic control (reward) is mediated by the ______ ______. Can it override homeostatic controls?

A

Limbic system. Can override homeostatic controls.

35
Q

What is the most common medical cause of obesity?

A

Polygenic

36
Q

How is leptin deficiency treated?

A

With leptin

37
Q

What is the melanocortin 4 receptor? What happens if it is mutated?

A

It is an MSH receptor somehow involved in the leptin signaling pathway. If mutated –> obesity; also associated with binge eating.

38
Q

What is ectopic fat distribution?

A

Accumulation of fat in organs

39
Q

What do FFAs and inflammatory cytokines from excess adipose do to insulin signaling?

A

They inhibit the GLUT4 receptor response.

40
Q

At what BMIs are weight loss medications indicated?

A

30 or greater or 27 or greater with comorbidities.

41
Q

When is weight loss surgery indicated?

A

40 or greater BMI (or 35 and up with comorbidities), less invasive treatments have failed, desired by patient.

Nutrition AKA The most boring class on earth (12 decks)

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