304 Final Exam - CH10: Biological Rhythms and Sleep

Question 1

a daily, cyclical change in

behavioral and physiological processes

Answer 1

circadian rhythm

Question 2

A stimulus (i.e., the sun) that acts to reset the biological clock

Answer 2

zeitgebar

Question 3

without a zeitgeber, human circadian rhythms have a cycle of approximately ___ hrs. duration

Answer 3

25 hours

Question 4

Alpha brain waves are associated with a _______ ____

Beta brain waves are associated with a _______ ____

Answer 4

alpha state

beta state

Question 5

Stage 1 sleep: 
Stage 2 sleep: 
Stage 3 sleep: 
Stage 4 sleep: 
REM sleep:

Answer 5

1. transition between sleep and wakefulness
2. sleep spindles & k-complexes
3. 20 - 50 % delta
4. > 50% (deepest sleep)
   REM. beta; no muscle tone; dreams

Question 6

Purpose of sleep?: Adaptive response theory

Answer 6

conserves ENERGY & remain UNDETECTED by predators

Question 7

Purpose of sleep?: restorative theory

Answer 7

allows brain to RESTORE itself

Question 8

purpose of REM sleep?

Answer 8

VIGILANCE

Question 9

Two theories linking sleep and learning

Answer 9

memory consolidation & cleanup; &

Brain development

Question 10

What is a dream?: Freudian explanation

Answer 10

manifesting unconscious thoughts & desires

Question 11

What is a dream?: Activation-synthesis hypothesis

Answer 11

Brains attempt to interpret the spontaneous pattern of activation companies REM sleep

Question 12

Memories of learned facts (names, vocabulary, etc.) are reinforced during _____ sleep

Answer 12

… in deep sleep

Question 13

Pattern recognition (grammar, logic, chess, etc.) reinforced during ________ sleep

Answer 13

by REM sleep

Question 14

Motor skills (musicians, athletes) are reinforced in which sleep phase?

Answer 14

by Stage 2 sleep

Question 15

Lesions of the basal forebrain (AKA, ventrolateral preoptic) area disrupt ____ ____ sleep

electrical stimulation of the VLPA evokes

Answer 15

slow wave sleep

slow-wave-sleep

Question 16

T/F Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPA) is another name for the basal forebrain area?

Answer 16

true

Question 17

Electrical stimulation of the VLPA evokes ____ ____ sleep

Answer 17

slow wave sleep

Question 18

mechanism responsible for REM eye movements

Answer 18

tectum

Question 19

involved in dreams

Answer 19

LGN

Question 20

paralysis during REM is caused by which brain region?

Answer 20

NMC (nucleus magnocellularis) of Medulla

Question 21

Partly responsible for the cortical activation seen during REM sleep

Answer 21

PGO Waves
 (pons-geniculate-occipital)!

Question 22

REM-related muscle atonia is produced by …

Answer 22

inhibitory neurons in nucleus magnocellularis

Question 23

lesions of the nucleus magnocellularis results in

Answer 23

REM WITHOUT atonia

Question 24

neurological disorder characterized by an urge to fall asleep at inappropriate times.
(*falling asleep at random time)

Answer 24

Narcolepsy

Question 25

complete loss of muscle tone during the awake state, related to a hyperexcitability of the neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis *(paralysis upon excitation)

Answer 25

Cataplexy

Question 26

Narcolepsy recently found to be related to a deficiency in the neuromodulator ________

Answer 26

hypocretin | genetic defect in dogs

Question 27

As stages go down brain wave activity _____________

Answer 27

decreases

Question 28

A typical sleep cycle lasts ___ minutes

Answer 28

90 minutes

Question 29

REM related muscle atonia is caused by the nucleous manocellularis, which prevents ppl from...

Answer 29

acting out their dreams

Question 30

1. Diurnal = __________________ | 2. nocturnal = ___________________

Answer 30

1. Active during the day | 2. active during the night

Question 31

A sharp, negative EEG potential that is seen in stage 2 sleep.

Answer 31

K complex

Question 32

A characteristic 14- to 18-hertz wave in the EEG of a person said to be in stage 2 sleep.

Answer 32

sleep spindle

Question 33

_ ________ & _______ ________ are involved in stage 2 sleep. _ ________ is a sharp, negative EEG potential

Answer 33

K complex; sleep spindle K complex [SHARP sharKs are COMPLEtely NEGATIVE]

Question 34

A small region of the hypothalamus above the optic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock.

Answer 34

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

Question 35

A ventral region in the forebrain that has been INDIRECTLY RELATED to sleep.

Answer 35

basal forebrain [Let's INDIRECTLY sail (baSAL) FORE the BRAIN!!!]

Question 36

The route by which retinal ganglion cells send their axons to the suprachiasmatic nuclei.

Answer 36

retinohypothalamic pathway

Question 37

Also known as non-REM sleep. Sleep, divided into stages 1–3, that is defined by the presence of SLOW-WAVE EEG activity.

Answer 37

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

Question 38

A SUDDEN AROUSAL from STAGE 3 sleep that is marked by intense fear and autonomic activation.

Answer 38

Night Terror

Question 39

A LONG, frightening dream that awakens the sleeper from REM sleep.

Answer 39

nightmare

Question 40

Also called reticular activating system. An extensive region of the brainstem (extending from the MEDULLA through the THALAMUS that is INVOLVED IN AROUSAL (WAKING)

Answer 40

reticular formation [MEDUSA'S RETICULATED python finds WAKEing up next to MUSkrats very AROUSING] {medulla, reticular, waking, thalamus, arousal}

Question 41

The recording and study of GROSS electrical activity of the brain via LARGE ELECTRODES placed on the scalp.

Answer 41

electroencephalography (EEG) [eeeeeeEEGades that's a very GROSS and LARGE ELECTRODE]

Question 42

"neurological disorder characterized by urge to fall asleep at inappropriate times." A disorder that involves frequent, intense episodes of sleep, which last from 5 to 30 minutes and can occur anytime during the usual waking hours.

Answer 42

narcolepsy

Question 43

" complete loss of muscle tone during the awake state, related to a hyperexcitability of the neurons of the nucleus magnocellularis"

Answer 43

Cataplexy

Question 44

__________ recently found to be related to a deficiency in the neuromodulator HYPOCRETIN

Answer 44

Narcolepsy

Question 45

Partly responsible for the CORTICAL ACTIVATION seen during REM sleep

Answer 45

(pons-geniculate-occipital) PGO Waves

Question 46

An alert, awake human's EEG is ____________, a mix of _____ frequencies with ____ amplitude.

Answer 46

desynchronized; high frequencies; low amplitude

Question 47

ALPHA rhythms appear during ________ in stage __ sleep when sharp waves called _______ ______ also appear

Answer 47

relaxation stage 2 vertex spikes

Question 48

Stage 2 SWS involves periodic waves/bursts that are defined by ______ _____ and _ ________.

Answer 48

sleep spindles k complexes sleep spindles

Question 49

Stage 3 SWS (early) is characterized by _____ amplitude, and _____ ______ waves. How often do Delta waves occur?

Answer 49

``` large amplitude, slow delta waves delta waves (occur once every second) ```

Question 50

Stage 3 SWS (late) is predominantly _____ waves

Answer 50

delta

Question 51

EEG shows brain activity in ____ sleep to resemble being AWAKE

Answer 51

REM

Question 52

non-REM dreams are related with "_________" dreams

Answer 52

thinking | e.g., thinking about a problem

Question 53

REM dreams = ________ ________ dreams

Answer 53

Visual imagery | i.e., sights, sounds & perceptions

Question 54

How do anit-depressants and BP medication effect sleep?

Answer 54

more frequent nightmares

Question 55

``` Alpha = _________ state Beta = ___________ state Theta = transition between ______ and _____________ Delta = the __________ state of sleep ```

Answer 55

relaxed aroused sleep and wakefulness deepest

Question 56

Switches between sleep states in narcolepsy and controls appetite Also called orexin. A neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus that is involved in switching between sleep states, in narcolepsy, and in the control of appetite.

Answer 56

hypocretin

Question 57

somnambulism is also known as ....

Answer 57

Sleepwalking.

Question 58

______ _______ is a sleep disorder in which respiration slows or stops periodically, waking the patient. Excessive daytime sleepiness results from the frequent nocturnal awakening. ["Tim has ______ ________"]

Answer 58

sleep apnea

Question 59

___ _______ ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person physically acts out a dream.

Answer 59

REM behavior disorder (RBD)

Question 60

sleep-maintenance insomnia is ....

Answer 60

Difficulty in STAYING asleep.

Question 61

sleep-onset insomnia

Answer 61

Difficulty in FALLING asleep.