304 Final Exam - CH13: Learning & Memory

Question 1

What are the two types of learning?

Answer 1

DECLARATIVE LEARNING - facts and information

NON-DECLARATIVE LEARNING - perceptual and motor procedures

Question 2

What are the two types of declarative learning?

Answer 2

EPISODIC MEMORY - autobiographical

SEMANTIC MEMORY - General facts

Question 3

What are the three types of non-declarative learning?

Answer 3

PERCEPTUAL LEARNING - recognizing objects and events in the world by sight, sound, taste, etc. (categorization)

MOTOR LEARNING - learning to control the body

ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING - learning the correct response to an object or event

• classical conditioning
• operant (instrumental) conditioning

Question 4

The ___________ ______ maintains:
A synapse is strengthened if it is repeatedly active when the POST SYNAPTIC neuron fires.

• demonstrates _________ conditioning (e.g., Pavlov)

“neurons that fire together, wired together”

Answer 4

Hebbian rule

classical

Question 5

_____________ means to strengthen or make more potent

Answer 5

Potentiation

Question 6

The ____________ system REINFORCES REWARD centers in the brain

Answer 6

Mesolimbic

Question 7

Expected and unexpected reinforcers effect the activity of the ________ ________ in humans

Answer 7

nucleus accumbens

Question 8

T/F mandatory transfers of money activate similar “reward related” areas in the VENTRAL STRIATUM consistent with pure altruism

Answer 8

true

Question 9

__________ conditioning pairs physiological reactions with previously neutral stimuli

Answer 9

Operate

Question 10

The MORRIS WATER MAZE found:
VARIABLE start positions = _________ tasks
CONSTANT start positions = ________ tasks

Answer 10

Relational task

Stimulus response task
[responds to familiar stimuli]

Question 11

The MORRIS WATER MAZE found:

A lack of ___________ impairs performance on RELATIONAL tasks

Answer 11

hippocampus

Question 12

_____________ and _______ ___________ are involved in navigation

Answer 12

Hippocampus and spatial relationships

Question 13

A profound impairment of memory function as the result of brain injury

(severe impairment of memory)

Answer 13

Amnesia

Question 14

Difficulty in forming NEW memories beginning with the onset of a disorder is known as…

Answer 14

anterograde amnesia

[ant =before]

Question 15

Difficulty in RETRIEVING memories formed before the onset of amnesia.

Answer 15

retrograde amnesia

[retro = past]

Question 16

T/F anterograde amnesia may occur without retrograde amnesia

Answer 16

false

No anterograde amnesia without retrograde amnesia

Question 17

RETROGRADE AMNESIA AS EVIDENCE FOR A CONSOLIDATION PROCESS:

________ –> ________ –> _________

Answer 17

Sensory information –>
Short term memory –>
Long-term memory

Question 18

_____________: “online;” process 7-items at a time (+/- 2). AKA _________

Answer 18

Short-term memory

Working memory

Question 19

_____________: relatively stable memory past events

Answer 19

Long-term memory

Question 20

T/F the hippocampus stores memories

Answer 20

false

Memories are stored in ASSOCIATION CORTICES

Question 21

MOTOR LEARNING occurs primarily in the ______ ______ and ________

Answer 21

basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 22

A degenerative brain disorder that results in a progressive dementia, loss of memory, confusion, hallucinations, motor deficits and eventual death

Answer 22

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 23

neuronal degeneration, neuritic plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles are associated with…

Answer 23

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 24

A change in synaptic structure (or biochemistry) that ALTERS THE EFFICIENCY of the synapse in a positive or negative way

Answer 24

Synaptic plasticity

Question 25

Patient H.M.: Could not recall events AFTER his surgery and was unable to retain new information. This is an example of ___________ _______

Answer 25

Anterograde amnesia

Question 26

Patient H.M.: | T/F short-term memory differs from long-term memory

Answer 26

true

Question 27

Patient H.M.: | Memory deficit seemed to be caused by a loss of the _____________

Answer 27

Hippocampus

Question 28

Patients like H.M. can learn to read MIRROR-REVERSED text, which is a ______ task. This shows that their problem is NOT in LEARNING VERBAL MATERIAL, but in forming new ________ memories

Answer 28

verbal declarative

Question 29

Long-term potentiation, commonly referred to as LTP, is an _________ in synaptic response FOLLOWING POTENTIATING PULSES OF ELECTRICAL STIMULII that sustains at a level _____ the baseline response for hours or longer

Answer 29

increase | above

Question 30

LTP involves interactions between ____________ neurons and the specific ___________ inputs that form a synaptic association, and is SPECIFIC to the stimulated pathway of synaptic transmission

Answer 30

postsynaptic | presynaptic

Question 31

Inducing LTP in the hippocampus releases _______

Answer 31

Nitric oxide

Question 32

A ______ depolarization and an ______ of CALCIUM are necessary to achieve LTP

Answer 32

strong | increase

Question 33

A patient who, because of damage to MEDIAL TEMPORAL LOBE structures, was unable to encode NEW DECLARATIVE memories.

Answer 33

patient H.M.