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Pathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the portals of entry for pathogens?

A

Ascending infection - at oestrus, postpartum infections, equine placenta during pregnancy
Haematogenous infection - specific infections
Descending from ovary - rare
Transneural - rare

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2
Q

What defense mechanisms are present in the reproductive tract ?

A

Innate immunity - vaginal epithelium, cervical barrier, conformation external genitalia, myometrial tone and uterine contraction, drainage of secretions, neutrophils, macrophages, complement, cytokines
Adaptive immunity - humoral, cellular

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3
Q

When is the uterus more susceptible to infection?

A

Progestational or luteal phase

Pregnancy

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4
Q

What does oestrogen influence in immunity?

A

Disease resistance - upregulation of T and B lymphocytes in ruminants

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5
Q

What does inflammation with epithelial and mucosal surface loss in the uterus result in?

A

Decreased PGF2alpha production

No lysis of CL

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6
Q

What are the five types of sexual ambiguity/developmental anomalies that can affect the uterus?

A 
True hermaphrodism
Pseudohermaphrodism
Chimerism
Tract anomaly
Ovarian anomaly
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7
Q

What ovarian anomalies can occur?

A

Agenesis
Hypoplasia
Duplication
Developmental cysts

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8
Q

What are the three types of acquire ovarian lesion cysts?

A

Follicular cysts
Anovulatory luteinised cysts
Cystic corpora lutea

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9
Q

Describe follicular cysts

A

Failure of mature follicle to ovulate
>2.5cm in cow, >1cm in sow
Persistence for more than 10 days without functional CL
Anovulation without luteinisation due to abnormality in hypothalamo-hypophyseal-ovarian axis
Lack of LH peak due to low GnRH or receptors
Can be stress/infection associated
Anoestrus or nymphomania

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10
Q

Describe anovulatory luteinised cysts

A

Anovulation with luteinisation of theca
Likely delayed or insufficient LH peak
Mostly anoestrus
Treatment is different

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11
Q

Describe cystic corpora lutea

A

Normal ovulation
Ovulation papilla on surface
No infertility
Can be confused with luteal cysts

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12
Q

What are the four types of acquired ovarian lesions?

A

Cysts
Haemorrhages
Adhesions
Inflammation

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13
Q

What are the four types of ovarian neoplasm?

A

Germ cell neoplasm - dysgerminoma, teratoma
Gonadal stromal neoplasm - granulosa cell tumour, thecoma, luteoma
Epithelial neoplasm - cystadenoma, cystadenocarcinoma
Secondary tumours - lymphomas, mammary carcinomas bitch, intestinal carcinomas cow

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14
Q

Describe dysgerminoma

A 
From primitive germ cells
Smooth surface
Areas of haemorrhage or necrosis
Frequent mitotic figures
Giant cells
Mostly benign and undifferentiated
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15
Q

Describe a teratoma

A

From totipotential germ cells
Elements of 2-3 germinal layers
Mostly well differentiated
Benign

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16
Q

Describe sex-cord stromal tumours

A 
Granulosa-theca cell tumour
Some produce steroids
Smooth surface
Solid or cystic cut surface
Usually benign
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17
Q

Describe epithelial neoplasms

A 
Cystadenoma and cystcarcinoma
Often bilateral and shaggy surface
Especially in bitch
May spread by implantation on peritoneal surfaces
May result in ascites
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18
Q

What three things can affect the fallopian tubes?

A

Hydrosalpinx - water filled
Pyosalpinx - pus filled
Salpingitis - infection/inflammation

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19
Q

What physical changes can occur in the uterus causing problems?

A

Torsion
Rupture
Prolapse

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20
Q

What can prolapse be associated with?

A

Prolonged dystocia
Hypocalcaemia
Oestrogen excess

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21
Q

What three things can cause endometrial growth disturbances?

A

Hyperplasia - cystic endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial hyperplasia due to excessive and prolonged oestrogenic stimulation
Mucometra/Hydrometra - obstruction, excessive fluid production
Pseudopregnancy - exaggerated form of physiologic process

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22
Q

What are the three inflammatory diseases of the uterus?

A

Endometritis
Metritis
Pyometra

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23
Q

Describe endometritis

A

Limited to uterine mucosa
Post service
Postpartum in particular when dystocia
Inflammatory infiltrate into mucosa
Mild cases usually self-limiting
Severe cases can become chronic and fibrous
Persistent CL in mare and cow in chronic endometritis
Persistent mating induced endometrits in mares

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24
Q

What are the common endometritis pathogens in cows?

A 
Herpesvirus
Tritrichomonas foetus
Campylobacter foetus spp venerealis
Pyogenic cocci
Coliformes
T. pyogenes
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25
What are the common endometritis pathogens in the mare?
``` Alpha-haemolytic streptococci Klebsiella pneumonia E. coli Taylorella equigenitalis (CEM) Pseudomonas aeruginosa ```
26
Describe metritis
Inflammation of all layers of the uterine wall More severe and advanced than endometritis Potentially life threatening due to toxaemia/septicaemia Commonly dull congested serosa Paintbrush haemorrhages Thickened oedematous friable uterine wall Yellowish-dark red exudate Foul odour
27
Describe pyometra in the bitch
Infection supervening upon Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia Mainly in older nulliparous bitches Usually a dew weeks after oestrus under progesterone exposure following oestrogen priming Bacterial infection of the endometrium Urinary tract infections can predispose Variation in gross appearance Common pathogens involved - E. coli (brownish viscous exudate), Strep spp. (creamy yellowish exudate) Cervix closure important for outcome Toxaemia/bacteraemia common - widespread extra-medullary haematopoiesis, immune-complex glomerulopathy
28
Describe pyometra in the cow
Uterine disease predisposes Mostly early postpartum Various time after breeding Persisting CL and high progesterone levels Functional cervix closure but usually some discharge Few ml to litres of pus Thick, mucinous, cream or grey coloured pus Rarely systemic signs
29
What are the commonly involved pathogens in pyometra in cows?
``` Haemolytic streptococci Staphylococci Coliforms Trueperella pyogenes Pseudomonas sp Tritichomonas foetus ```
30
What is usually the cause of pyometra in the sow?
Trueperella pyogenes
31
Describe pyometra in the mare
``` Some cases follow difficult parturitions with infections Mares continue cycling during disease Hormonal influences less important Mostly no cervical closure Seldom evidence of systemic disease ```
32
What are the common pathogens involved in pyometra in the mare?
``` Streptococcus zooepidemicus E.coli Actinomyces spp. Pasteurella spp. Pseudomonas spp. ```
33
Describe leiomyoma
Mostly in bitch Benign Often multiple also affecting cervix and vagina Oestrogens likely involved in provoking and maintaining in bitch Usually firm, pink or white Whorled smooth muscle cells
34
Describe carcinoma
``` Mainly in cow Mainly in uterine horns Scirrhous response Firm neoplasm Metastases to regional lymph nodes, lungs and seeding in peritoneum ```
35
Describe lymphosarcoma
Enzootic Bovine Leukosis in the cow - notifiable Tetrad of affected organs - heart, abomasum, lymph nodes, uterus Light yellow Slightly friable
36
What non-inflammtory diseases are there of the vulva and vagina?
``` Persistent hymen Vaginal septum Ruptures Stricture/stenosis Abnormal tumefaction Vaginal hyperplasia/hypertrophy and/or prolapse Vaginal cysts Vaginal polyps - common in older bitches ```
37
What inflammatory diseases are there of the vulva and vagina?
``` Post partum trauma Granular vaginitis/vulvitis IPV CHV-1 EHV-3 - coital exanthema Dourine - notifiable ```
38
What neoplasms can affect the vulva and vagina?
Leiomyoma Transmissible venereal tumour Fibropapilloma Squamous cell carcinoma of vulva
39
Describe transmissible venereal tumours
TVT cells have 59 chromosomes instead of normal 78 Transmission by transfer of neoplastic cells during coitus Nodule formation beneath vaginal mucosa that enlarges Large, round neoplastic cells Occasional large bizarre nuclei Vincristine responsive Metastases in dogs with poor health
40
Which animals are CL dependent during pregnancy?
All of pregnancy - cattle, goats, pigs, dogs | Early pregnancy - horse, sheep, cats
41
Describe how parturition occurs
``` Foetal stress Foetal ACTH Foetal glucocorticoid Placental oestrogens increase Myometrial oxytocin receptors increased and endometrial PGF2alpha Myometrial contraction, luteolysis and progesterone decrease Relaxin secretion Placental separation from endometrium Fresh non-autolysed foetus ```
42
What are the five mechanisms of embryonic/foetal loss?
Failure of zygote to attach to endometrium Early embryonic losses - chromosomal abnormalities, inherited disorders, uterine environmental factors Late embryonic loss - after dam recognised pregnancy stage Foetal losses - non-viable, placentitis, foetal death from various causes Stillbirth - potentially viable stage of gestation
43
Describe embryonic death
Zygotes and early embryos 15-30% loss can be considered normal in most species Expulsion or reabsorption Can return to oestrus at normal interval May have delayed return to service Often no diagnostic material available Chromosomal abnormalities important cause Infections rarer - Ureaplasma spp., Tritrichomonas foetus, Campylobacter spp.
44
What is abortion?
Premature expulsion of a non-viable foetus or foetuses
45
What are the three types of foetal retention?
Mummification Maceration Emphysema
46
What can happen with foetal death in uniparous animals?
Early gestation - may lead to mummification, can be resorption or abortion Late gestation - usually abortion
47
What can happen with multiparous foetal death?
Most foetuses die - generally abortion | One or only a few die - retention, foetuses differ in size, differ in degree of mummification (SMEDI)
48
Describe mummification
Mostly in multiparous animals - sows most commonly No bacterial infection Foetal skin developed enough to withstand autolysis Absorption of placental and foetal fluids No odour Closed cervix Expulsion time varies Causes include: genetic, twinning mare, viral, protozoan infections, uterine horn torsion queen, placental insufficiencies Diagnosis on mummified foetus usually not possible Usually no effect on subsequent breeding
49
Describe maceration
Foetus becomes liquified Presence ofbacterial uterine infection required Reabsorption or expulsion with purulent exudate If foetal bones developed only incomplete maceration Foetid odour Common with venereal infections - Campylobacter foetus venerealis, Tritrichomonas foetus, non-specific endometrial infections Consequence often pyometra or endometritis Perforation of uterine wall by foetal bones possible
50
Describe foetal emphysema
Putrefactive organisms ascending from the vagina Patent cervix Mostly associated with dystocia at or near term and incomplete abortion Putrefaction of foetus - distends with foul gas and crepitates Advanced uterine lesions Oten fatal to dam due to toxaemia
51
What are the two main classification of abortion causes?
Non-infectious | Infectious
52
What are the three infectious causes of abortion?
Haematogenous infection of placenta and foetus - pathogens with affinity of reproductive tract Bacterial and fungal abortions in mares mostly ascending Venereal infections - Tritrichomonas foetus, Campylobacter foetus venerealis
53
Describe laboratory abortion investigations
Mostly detect infectious causes of abortion Diagnostic success rates vary between 8 and 50% Better success if investigating outbreaks Conditions in the dam can cause abortion Cooperation between owner, clinician, pathologist and lab essential Dam, placenta and foetus should be examined and sampled Beware of zoonotic potential of many abortion pathogens
54
What are the majority of sheep abortions diagnosed from?
Placental examination alone
55
When should sheep, cattle and pigs be investigated with abortion?
Sheep - more than 1-2% of sheep aborting Cattle - more than 3-5% of cows aborting, cluster of abortions Pigs - only investigate outbreaks, otherwise diagnosis unlikely
56
What should be looked for with abortion investigations?
Foetal distress - meconium staining, meconium in trachea/lung or oesophagus/stomach Degree of autolysis Foetus and placenta are appropriate size, weight and stage of development
57
Give some examples of non-infectious abortions?
``` Dystocia Twinning in mares and cows Umbilical cord anomalies Placental insufficiencies esp. mare Congenital/Genetic Aplasia/hypoplasia adrenal gland Anomalies with aterior pituitary Husbandry Seasonal indertility esp. sows Toxins Nutritional Stress Induced Spontaneous ```
58
What are the four infectious causes of abortion?
Bacterial Viral Protozoal Fungal
59
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Brucella? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - cows, sheep, pigs, dogs Clinical presentation - abortion, placentitis, notifiable Time - late pregnancy Zoonotic - yes
60
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Salmonella? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - horses, cows, sheep, pigs, dogs Clinical presentation - abortion, placentitis Time - all stages of pregnancy, usually late Zoonotic - yes
61
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Campylobacter foetus? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - horses, cows, pigs, dogs Clinical presentation - abortion, endometritis, placentitis Time - all stages of pregnancy Zoonotic - yes
62
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Leptospira? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - horses, cows, pigs, maybe sheep Clinical presentation - abortion, placentitis Time - late pregnancy Zoonotic - yes
63
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Listeria? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - cows, sheep Clinical presentation - abortion, foetal necrosis, placentitis Time - late pregnancy Zoonotic - maybe
64
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Chlamydophila? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - sheep, goats, maybe cows Clinical signs - abortion, placentitis Time - late pregnancy Zoonotic - yes
65
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Coxiella burnetti? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - cows, sheep, goats CLinical signs - abortion, placentitis Time - late pregnancy Zoonotic - very
66
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Bacillus lichenformis? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - cows, maybe sheep Clinical signs - abortion, placentitis Time - all stages of pregnancy Zoonotic - no
67
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Trueperella pyogenes? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - cows, maybe sheep CLinical signs - abortion, placentitis Time - all stages of pregnancy Zoonotic - no
68
What are the animals, clinical signs, abortion time of Streptococcus zooepidemicus? Is it zoonotic?
Animals - horses Clinical signs - abortion, placentitis, cervical star Time - all stages of pregnancy, mainly late Zoonotic - probably not
69
How are bacterial and fungal diseases diagnosed?
Culture of foetal stomach contents Selective cultures for: Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Brucella spp., fungi Macroscopical and histopathological examination of foetal tissues and placenta Serology - maternal, foetal Fungal wet preparations of foetal stomach contents
70
Which bacteria are cultures not possible for?
Leptospira spp. - PCR of kidney tissue | Chlamydophila abortus - impression smears of placenta stained with mZN
71
Describe mycotic abortions
Mainly Aspergillus fumigatus In cattle mainly haematogenous In horses mainly ascending infection Mostly sporadic outbreaks associated with poor quality feed THickened leathery placenta covered with exudate Elevated greyish plaques on foetal skin and eyelid Diagnose with fungal culture/fungalwet preparation of foetal stomach contents
72
How can viral abortion be diagnosed?
PCR - PRRS, EHV-1, BVD, Schmallenberg-virus, EVA, FeLV Virus isolation Histopathology Serology - matneral, foetal
73
Describe Neospora caninum
Persistent infection in cattle Repeat abortions rare but occur Dog responsible for horizontal transmission Vertical transmission most common Every calf of an infected dam will be Neospora posivie Diagnose by PCR of brain stem Can also do histopathology of heartand brain
74
Describe Tritrichomonas foetus
``` In cattle Transmitted at coitus Foetal maceration common Endometritis/pyometra Time of abortion: 2-4 months ```
75
Describe toxoplasma gondii
In sheep and goats Timing of infection important Transmission by cat faeces Beware of zoonosis

Reproduction (14 decks)

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