Small Animal - Male

Question 1

What is the most common congenital defect in the male dog?

Answer 1

Missing testicle - cryptorchidism

Question 2

What are the three locations of undescended testicles?

Answer 2

Abdominal
Inguinal - most common
Prescrotal

Question 3

What is cryptorchidism thought to be?

Answer 3

Sex linked autosomal recessive trait

Question 4

What are retained testicles more susceptible to?

Answer 4

Torsion

Neoplasia

Question 5

What is the treatment for cryptorchidism?

Answer 5

Castration to prevent future problems

Question 6

What is extremely rare in dogs?

Answer 6

Anorchism

Monorchism

Question 7

What are the three presentations of different testicle sizes?

Answer 7

Increased in size
One increased and one decreased
One decreased in size

Question 8

What are the three main causes of different sized testicles?

Answer 8

Neoplasia
Orchitis/epididymitis
Torsion

Question 9

What can help make a diagnosis of the cause of different sized testicles?

Answer 9

History
Physical examination
Ultrasound
Aspiration
Biopsy

Question 10

What is the second most common site for tumours in dogs?

Answer 10

Testicles

Question 11

What are the three most common tumour types in testicles?

Answer 11

Seminoma
Interstitial cell tumour
Seroli cell tumour

Question 12

What is the difference between tumours affecting scrotal testicles and those affecting cryptorchid testicles?

Answer 12

Scrotal neoplasia is usually benign

Cryptorchid neoplasia is usually malignant

Question 13

Where do matastasised tumours usually go?

Answer 13

Lymph nodes

Question 14

What occurs if testicular tumours are functional?

Answer 14

Interstitial produce testosterone

Sertoli tumours may produce oestrogen - leads to feminisation

Question 15

What can all testicular tumour types be associated with?

Answer 15

Infertility - production of hormones, replacement of functional tissue

Question 16

What is diagnosis and treatment of testicular neoplasia usually combined with?

Answer 16

Castration

Question 17

What are signs of orchitis/epididymitis?

Answer 17

Epididymal enlargement
Testicular pain
Tenseness and scrotal oedema
May abcessate
Systemic illness

Question 18

What can chronic infections of orchitis/epididymitis result in?

Answer 18

Small and firm testicle with epididymal enlargement

Adhesions between tunics and scrotum may reduce mobility

Question 19

What are the three origins of orchitis/epididymitis?

Answer 19

Urinary tract
Direct penetration
Haematogenous spread

Question 20

What two things does the treatment of orchitis/epididymitis depend upon?

Answer 20

Severity of signs

Use of dog

Question 21

What is the frequent treatment for orchitis/epididymitis?

Answer 21

Castration

Question 22

What is testicular torsion more common in?

Answer 22

Retained testicles

Question 23

What can the presenting signs of testicular torsion be confused with?

Answer 23

Disease of other body systems

Question 24

What is generally required with testicular torsion?

Answer 24

Castration

Question 25

What are the presenting signs for protruding penis?

Answer 25

``` Social problem for owner Low grade irritation Pain Bleeding Trauma ```

Question 26

What are the three diagnoses of protruding penises?

Answer 26

Paraphimosis Priapism Trauma

Question 27

What is paraphimosis?

Answer 27

Non-erect penis prostrudes from prepuce and cannot be retracted or retained in its normal position

Question 28

What can paraphimosis result from?

Answer 28

Narrowed preputial orifice Penile enlargement preventing retraction Failure of penis to stay in prepuce - abnormally short prepuce, weak preputial musciles, weak retractor penis muscle, contracture following wound

Question 29

What does the treatment of paraphimosis depend on?

Answer 29

Severity | Cause

Question 30

What are the treatments for paraphimosis?

Answer 30

``` Symptomatic Surgical enlargement of opening Phallopexy Preputial lengthening/reconstructive procedures Partial penile amuptation ```

Question 31

What is priapism?

Answer 31

Persistent erection of more than four hours not associated with sexual excitement

Question 32

What three things has priapism been associated with?

Answer 32

Trauma Perineal abscess Neurological disease

Question 33

What are the two categories of priapism?

Answer 33

``` Non ischaemic (arterial with high flow) Ischaemic (veno-occlusive with low flow) ```

Question 34

How can priapism be differentiated?

Answer 34

Clinical signs - non ischaemic (entire penis partially rigid and non-painful, not usually an emergency), ischaemic (painful rigid shaft with a soft glans, emergency)

Question 35

What are further diagnostics that can be used for priapism?

Answer 35

Ultrasound | Blood gas analysis of aspirated blood

Question 36

What are the treatment options for priapism?

Answer 36

Buster collar Analgesia Topical treatment of penis Therapeutic aspiration via incisions with corpus cavernosum flushing If these fail then - perineal urethrostomy, scrotal urethrostomy

Question 37

What are the diagnoses for penile masses?

Answer 37

Inflammatory disease Neoplasia Urethral prolapse

Question 38

What confirms diagnosis for penile masses?

Answer 38

Clinical appearance | Biopsy

Question 39

What tumour types have been reported for penile tumours?

Answer 39

Soft tissue - TVT, SCC, papilloma, lymphoma, adenocarcinoma and MCT Os penis - osteosarcoma, ossifying fibroma, chondrosarcoma

Question 40

What is the treatment of penile tumours dependent upon?

Answer 40

Type | Location

Question 41

What two treatment types are there?

Answer 41

Medical | Surgery

Question 42

What may penile injuries occur secondary to?

Answer 42

``` Maring Fence jumping Dog fights Cat bites Road traffic accidents Iatrogenic in surgery ```

Question 43

What are the presenting signs with penile injuries?

Answer 43

Haemorrhage Dysuria Extravasation of urine

Question 44

What does treatment of penile injuries depend upon?

Answer 44

Degree of wound | Extent of wound

Question 45

What is hypospadia?

Answer 45

Developmental abnormality Failure of fusion of the urogenital folds Incomplete formation of penile urethra

Question 46

What is not usually attempted with hypospadia?

Answer 46

Surgical correction

Question 47

What is the treatment for persistent frenulum?

Answer 47

Sectioning under short general anaesthesia

Question 48

What is persistent frenulum?

Answer 48

Penis and prepuce still attached to each other

Question 49

What is phimosis?

Answer 49

Inability to protrude the penis beyond the preputial orifice

Question 50

What is the treatment for phimosis?

Answer 50

Surgical enlargement | Treatment of underlying condition

Question 51

What is normal in a mature dog with discharge?

Answer 51

Slight creamy preputial discharge

Question 52

When should preputial discharge be investigated?

Answer 52

If severe | If blood-tinged

Question 53

What is the first thing you should check with preputial discharge?

Answer 53

Where it's coming from? - External urethral orifice, prepuce

Question 54

What should be treated with preputial discharge?

Answer 54

Underlying cause

Question 55

What is an important sign of male reproductive tract disease in the dog?

Answer 55

Dyschezia

Question 56

What does dyschezia usually indicate?

Answer 56

Prostatic enlargement

Question 57

What are the four important causes of prostatic disease in the dog?

Answer 57

Benign prostatic hypertrophy Prostatitis/abscessation Prostatic cysts Neoplasia

Question 58

What is the commonest prostatic disorder in entire male dogs?

Answer 58

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Question 59

What does BPH result in?

Answer 59

Uniform prostatic enlargement leading to dyschezia and occasionally dysuria

Question 60

How is BPH diagnosed?

Answer 60

Physical exam | Ultrasonography

Question 61

What is the surgical treatment of BPH?

Answer 61

Castration Permanent involution occurs within 3-12 weeks Irreversible

Question 62

What is the main medical treatment of BPH?

Answer 62

Anti-androgens - osaterone acetate, 7 day oral treatment

Question 63

What are other examples of medical treatments of BPH?

Answer 63

Synthetic progestagen GnRH analogue Oestrogens Faecal softeners

Question 64

What is prostatitis usually associated with?

Answer 64

Urinary tract infection | May arise from haematogenous spread

Question 65

Which dogs is prostatitis infection more likely in?

Answer 65

Entire dogs

Question 66

What can prostatitis be associated with?

Answer 66

``` Purulent urethral discharge Systemic illness Dysuric Painful Vomiting Diarrhoea PU/PD ```

Question 67

What is the diagnosis of prostatitis made on?

Answer 67

Physical exam Ultrasonography Aspirate Rectal likely to be painful

Question 68

What clinical pathology tests could be useful for prostatitis?

Answer 68

``` Haematology Biochemistry Urinalysis and culture Cytology of aspirate Culture and sensitivity of aspirate ```

Question 69

What is the treatment of prostatic cysts?

Answer 69

Rarely medical - aspiration | Usually surgical - castration, omentalisation, drainage procedure

Question 70

Where do prostatic cysts arise?

Answer 70

Parenchyma of prostate

Question 71

What is the most common prostatic disease to occur in castrated animals?

Answer 71

Prostatic neoplasia

Question 72

What are the two commonest prostatic neoplasia tumour types?

Answer 72

Adenocarcinoma | Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 73

What are the signs of prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 73

``` Weight loss Pain Hind leg lameness Dyschezia Dysuria Hind leg oedema ```

Question 74

What do you need to do to diagnose prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 74

Biopsy - Tru cut under ultrasound guidance, incisional biopsy

Question 75

What treatment is provided with prostatic neoplasia?

Answer 75

Palliative - urethral stent, cystotomy tube, NSAIDs, other symptomatic care

Question 76

What surgical techniques can be used for prostatic disease?

Answer 76

Drainage - omentalisation, drain insertion, marsupialisation Cyst resection Biopsy Prostatectomy - partial, total