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Year2 GI Exam I > Choudhury I > Flashcards

Choudhury I Flashcards

1
Q

what do the submandibular glands secrete

A

serous/mucus

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2
Q

what do the sublingual glands secrete

A

serous/mucus

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3
Q

what does the parotid gland secrete

A

serous

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4
Q

what do the small buccal glands secrete

A

mucous

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5
Q

composition of saliva

A

hypotonic

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6
Q

what are functions of lysozyme, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, glycoprotein of IgA?

A

antibacterial, chelate iron, antibacterial and secretory against virus and bacteria

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7
Q

role of kallikrein

A

activates bradykinin- dilaters arterioles, increased blood to secretory glands and icnreases secretions

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8
Q

what is use of bicarb in saliva

A

minimizes tooth decay,neutralizes gastric acid refluxed in lowe esophagus

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9
Q

what can we taste

A

carbs fats

not protein

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10
Q

what is serous saliva

A

water, electrolytes and enzymes

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11
Q

what is mixed saliva

A

viscous rich in mucin glycoproteins

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12
Q

how do ductal cells contribute to saliva

A

modify the secretion by adding electrolytes, Na Cl reabsorb K and HCO3

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13
Q

why is saliva hypotonic

A

dissolve food

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14
Q

salivary ducts are impermeable to what

A

H2O

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15
Q

what are the transporters in the ductal cells

A

Na/H exchange
Cl/HCO3 exchange
H/K exchange

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16
Q

what transporters are on the basolateral membranes of ductal cells

A

NaK ATPase and Cl channels

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17
Q

how do NaCl levels compare in saliva to plasma

A

lower in saliva because readily abosrbed

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18
Q

how do K HCO3 levels compare in saliva to plasma

A

higher in saliva because net secretion

19
Q

at what rate does saliva resemble plasma [ ]

A

at high flow rates because less time to modify

20
Q

what controls salivary secretion

A

ANS mainly parasympathetic

21
Q

what inhibits salivary secretion

A

sleep, fear, anti-cholinergics, anti-depressants, dehydration and fatigue

22
Q

what modulates salivary secretion

A

blood secretion, myoepithelial cell contraction, hormonal secretion

23
Q

What is xerostomia

A

dry mouth from absent saliva produciton

24
Q

what causes xerostomia

A

drugs radiation, autoimmune disease

25
Q

what is sjogren syndrome

A

autoimmune that targets lacrimal and salivary glands

26
Q

Tx for drooling

A

anticholinergics and surgical removal of sublingual glands

27
Q

how does CF affect saliva

A

elevated Na and Ca and protein in saliva, sweat, pancreatic fluid and bronchial secretion

28
Q

Addisons changes saliva how

A

increase Na from decrease in Na reabsorption

29
Q

how does primary aldosteronism and cushings change saliva

A

decrease Na in saliva, increase the amount that is absorbed

increase K levels

30
Q

how does digoxin change saliva

A

increase Ca and K

31
Q

describe musculature of esophagus

A

upper third is skeletal muscle voluntary control
middle third is mixture skeletal and smooth
lower third is smooth muscle regulated by ANS and enteric nervous plexus

32
Q

describe control of LES

A

tonically constricted from sphincter pressure by diaphragm

relaxes in response to swallowing mediated by vagal stimulation and intrinsic properties of the sphincter itself

33
Q

what is barrets esophagus

A

columnar cells replace squamous cells in adaptation to chronic acid exposure

34
Q

what are causes of dysphagia

A

structural
functional- abnormal reflex, nuero defect
disease state: neuro, stroke, parkinsons, myasthenia gravis, xerostomia

35
Q

what is achalasia

A

complete lack of peristalsis

LES does not relax and increased LES Pressure

36
Q

what causes achalasia

A

nerve degeneration
lack of NO synthease, VIP
Chagas disease

37
Q

what has “bird beak appearance on barium radiography?

A

achalasia

38
Q

what is transient relaxation of

LES

A

not assoc with pharyngeal contraction or esophageal peristalsis and persists more than 10 sec

39
Q

cessation of chlinergic activity and release of NO and VIP affect LES how

A

relaxation

40
Q

what is cause of LES incompetence

A

idiopathic

41
Q

What are diffuse esophageal spasms

A

irregular, uncoordinated contractions of esophagus

42
Q

what is cause of diffuse esophageal spasms

A

disruption of nerve activity that coordinates swallowing action of the esophagus

43
Q

what does diffuse esophageal spasms look like on CXR

A

corkscrew

44
Q

what is a hiatal hernia

A

protrusion of upper part of stomach into thorax through a tear or wekaness in diaphragm

Year2 GI Exam I (18 decks)

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