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Molecules to Medicine > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

1
Q

___ (~500 types in mammals) passes the ubiquitin on ___ to a lysine residue on the target protein

A

E3; E2

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2
Q

___ binds and activates ubiquitin (1 gene in mammals)

A

binds and activates ubiquitin (1 gene in mammals)

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3
Q

____ is bound by Grb2

A

Sos

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4
Q

_____ actin formation results in parallel fibers

A

Formin

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5
Q

_____ domain binds to proline containing peptides (Pro-X-X-Pro)

A

SH3

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6
Q

_____ exchanges Ras-GDP to be Ras-GTP

A

Sos

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7
Q

______ actin formation results in branched network

A

Arp2/3

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8
Q

______ and _______ are located on the target membrane in vesicular transport

A

Syntaxin; SNAP

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9
Q

______ domain binds to Phospho-tyrosine containing peptides

A

SH2

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10
Q

______ for Golgi to plasma membrane

A

Clathrin

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11
Q

______ have no +/- ends (nucleotide-independent)

A

Intermediate Filaments

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12
Q

______ helices have positively charged residues (Arg/Lys) at every third position; _____ helices sense the voltage

A

S4; S4

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13
Q

______ inhibits mTOR kinase activity and cell proliferation

A

Rapamycin (bound to FKBP)

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14
Q

______ is an adaptor protein with SH2 and SH3 binding domains

A

Grb2

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15
Q

______ is the executioner caspase that results in many of the characteristics of apoptosis

A

Caspase-3

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16
Q

______ is the tumor suppressor for Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

A

APC

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17
Q

_______ binds to SCAP-SREBP and packages it into a vesicle to go to the Golgi

A

Sec24

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18
Q

_______ (transmembrane protein, CNX) and _______ (soluble ER lumen protein) bind oligosaccharide chain on a protein if glucose is exposed

A

Calnexin; calreticulin

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19
Q

_______ and/or _______ loss/mutation results in ccRCC with different features and outcomes

A

BAP; PRBM1

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20
Q

_______ are calcium binding motifs that are strongly conserved in all plants and animals

A

EF Hands

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21
Q

_______ are microtubule motor proteins for movement toward the + end

A

Kinesins

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22
Q

_______ bind cargo and interact with NPC to enter the nucleus

A

Imp-alpha and Imp-Beta

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23
Q

_______ binds and changes syntaxin back into active conformation

A

Sec1

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24
Q

_______ binds RanGTP and hydrolyzes it to RanGDP

A

GTPase Activating Protein (GAP)

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25
Q

_______ binds to SCAP (_______ Cleavage Activating Protein), which binds cholesterol

A

SREBP; SREBP

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26
Q

_______ binds to SCAP and SREBP in the ER membrane

A

Insig

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27
Q

_______ Channel Blockers preserve axons

A

sodium

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28
Q

_______ determines volume of a cell

A

Water

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29
Q

_______ encodes integral membrane protein kinase that is amplified in about 20% of breast cancers

A

Her2/Neu (ErbB2)

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30
Q

_______ for ER to Golgi (forward)

A

COPII

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31
Q

_______ for Golgi to ER (backward)

A

COPI

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32
Q

_______ forces are much stronger (1018 times ) than _______ forces

A

Electric; osmotic

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33
Q

_______ have higher rates of apoptosis

A

Lymphocytes

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34
Q

_______ have lower rates of apoptosis

A

Fibroblasts

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35
Q

_______ hydrolyze the second messengers cAMP or cGMP

A

Phosphodiesterases

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36
Q

_______ increase microtubule instability by exposing GDP rich regions

A

Microtubule Severing Proteins

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37
Q

_______ inhibits Calcineurin, which blocks NFAT dephosphorylation and downstream effects

A

Cyclosporin (bound to cyclophilin)

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38
Q

_______ inhibits nuclear translocation, co-activator recruitment, and DNA binding of androgen receptor

A

Enzalutamide

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39
Q

_______ is located on the vesciular membrane during vesicular transport.

A

Vesical Associated Membrane Protein (VAMP)

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40
Q

_______ is the leading cause of disability in young women

A

Multiple Sclerosis

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41
Q

_______ is the most common cause of ccRCC (64%); ccRCC account for 75% of RCCs

A

Von-Hippel Lindau

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42
Q

_______ is the signal caspase that activates caspase-3 in the extrinsic pathway

A

Caspase-8

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43
Q

_______ is the signal caspase that activates caspase-3 in the intrinsic pathway

A

Caspase-9

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44
Q

_______ is used to improve walking speed in patients with MS

A

Dalframpridine

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45
Q

_______ mutant adenoviruses cannot inactivate _______, so they kill p53 cancer cells preferentially

A

E1B; p53

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46
Q

_______ mutations link to nephrotic syndrome (glomerular filtration defect) and to neuromuscular junction/muscle innervation problems in children

A

Laminin

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47
Q

_______ prevents G protein coupling

A

Beta-arrestin

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48
Q

_______ replaces GDP with GTP to regenerate RanGTP

A

Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF)

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49
Q

_______ sodium entry into the cell slows nerve conduction

A

increased

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50
Q

_______ transduces a signal into the cell interior, which recruits adaptor molecule ____, which activates _____, which activates Caspase-3

A

Fas/CD95; FADD; Caspase-8

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51
Q

_______ used to lower cholesterol inhibit _______.

A

Statins; HMGCoA

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52
Q

_______ uses 6 ATP to unbind SNAREs

A

NSF

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53
Q

________ (ATP analogue) can inhibit ABL kinase that is overexpressed due to the BCR-ABL translocation (_______ chromosome)

A

Gleevac; Philadelphia

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54
Q

________ (G protein receptors) result in bronchoconstriction

A

m3 muscarinic

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55
Q

________ (G protein receptors) result in bronchodilation (and dilation of vasculature)

A

Beta-adrenergic

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56
Q

________ (G protein receptors) result in decreased heart rate and contraction

A

m2 muscarinic

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57
Q

________ (G protein receptors) result in increased heart rate and contraction

A

Alpha-adrenergic

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58
Q

________ (G protein receptors) result in peripheral vasoconstriction that decreases blood flow to skin and increased blood pressure

A

Beta-adrenergic

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59
Q

_______, a member of the _______ family of oncogenes is used as a diagnostic tool in neuroblastoma

A

N-myc; c-myc

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60
Q

_______(G protein receptors) act on Adenylyl Cyclase

A

Beta-adrenergic, m2 muscarinic

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61
Q

_______(G protein receptors) act on Protein Lipase C

A

Alpha-adrenergic, m3 muscarinic\

62
Q

_______activates transcription factors: VEGF, PDGF, TGFα, and TGFβ, which result in cancer growth.

A

HIFα

63
Q

_______is a protein channel that allows the polypeptide chain to be transported into the ER lumen as the protein is being translated

A

Translocon

64
Q

· are microtubule motor proteins for movement toward the - end

A

Dynesin

65
Q

Activated ubiquitin is passed to ___

A

E2

66
Q

Alpha Adrenergic Agonist

A

phenylephrine

67
Q

Alpha Adrenergic Antagonist

A

prozasin

68
Q

assists with folding and association with protein disulfide isomerases

A

BiP

69
Q

Bacteria (Ex. _______) secrete toxins that bind to the membrane, are incorporated into the membrane, and then complex to form pores that destroy the cell

A

Listeria

70
Q

based on the effect of solutes on the final volume of the cell

A

Tonicity

71
Q

Beta Adrenergic Agonist

A

isoproterenol, albuterol (lungs)

72
Q

Beta Adrenergic Antagonist

A

propanolol, metaprolol

73
Q

Bevacizumab inhibits _______ binding to receptor

A

VEGF

74
Q

bHLH SREBP moves to the nucleus, binds to DNA promoters, and activates many genes to produce more _______

A

LDLR (to bring more cholesterol into the cell) and enzymes in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway

75
Q

Binds to the extracellular side of NaV channel, just within entrance of the pore above the selectivity filter

A

Tetrodotoxin

76
Q

Ca2+ binding of ______ domains causes the protein to associate with the plasma membrane

A

C2

77
Q

Composed of glycerol with two long fatty acid chains and a polar head group connected to glycerol via a phosphate group

A

Phospholipid

78
Q

Consist of sphingosine backbone with fatty chains/fatty acid tails and a polar head group connected via a phosphate group

A

Sphingolipid

79
Q

Ctx ultimately results in constitutive activation of _______

A

CFTR

80
Q

Define CBIGK

A

Calcium; Bicarbonate; Insulin and Glucose; Kayexalate

81
Q

Donnan Rule: _______

A

[Ion1]I[Ion2]I=[Ion1]O[Ion2]O

82
Q

EC [Cl]

A

145 mM

83
Q

EC [K]

A

5 mM

84
Q

EC [Na]

A

140 mM

85
Q

EC [water]

A

55,000 mM

86
Q

Elongated molecules that forma coiled coil dimer that is assembled into a staggered tetramer

A

Intermediate Filaments

87
Q

Epithelial cell secretion is driven by _____.

A

Cl-

88
Q

Feeds protein into its chamber and ATP hydrolysis is used to help the protein fold and prevent aggregation

A

Hsp60

89
Q

Flipping of these lipids so that there is higher content of _______ on the outer leaflet signals macrophages to destroy the cell

A

phosphatidylserine

90
Q

For negative ions, if the equilibrium potential is greater than the membrane potential, ions will tend to flow out, and a pump is required to pump them _____

A

in

91
Q

For negative ions, if the equilibrium potential is less than the membrane potential, ions will tend to flow in, and a pump is required to pump them _____

A

out

92
Q

For positive ions, if the equilibrium potential is greater than the membrane potential, the ions will tend to flow into the cell, and a pump is required to pump them ______

A

out

93
Q

For positive ions, if the equilibrium potential is less than the membrane potential, the ions will tend to flow out of the cell, and a pump is required to pump them _____

A

in

94
Q

H-H equation for Bicarbonate system: _______

A

pH = 6.1 + log ([HCO3-]mM/ .03Pco2mmHg)

95
Q

Helps protein fold by binding to exposed hydrophobic patches in incompletely folded proteins

A

Hsp70

96
Q

Higher capacitance ~ _______ spread of current

A

slower

97
Q

Higher internal resistance ~ _______ spread in current

A

smaller

98
Q

Higher membrane resistance ~ _______ spread of current

A

larger

99
Q

Hsp70-like protein that uses ATP to help proteins properly fold

A

BiP

100
Q

IC [A]

A

126 mM

101
Q

IC [Cl]

A

5 mM

102
Q

IC [K]

A

145 mM

103
Q

IC [Na]

A

14 mM

104
Q

IC [water]

A

55,000 mM

105
Q

In cholera, ______ alters intestinal permeability through a cascade of intracellular events that leads to tight junction disassembly

A

Zot

106
Q

In co-translational translocation, the signal sequence on the protein is recognized and bound by _______

A

SRP (Signal Recognition Particle)

107
Q

In presence of VHL, _______ is ubiquitinated by _______ and undergoes degradation

A

HIFα; VHL

108
Q

Inn the nucleus, interaction with _______ causes a conformational change in the importins, such that the cargo is released

A

RanGTP

109
Q

Insulin acts in adipose, liver, and muscle tissues and serves to _______

A

STORE energy

110
Q

Intracellular membranes have less _______ than the cell membrane and therefore have _______ thickness

A

cholesterol; less

111
Q

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome is usually associated with a mutation in ______.

A

p53

112
Q

m2 Muscarinic Antagonist

A

atropine

113
Q

m2/m3 Muscarinic Agonist

A

muscarine

114
Q

m3 Muscarinic Antagonist

A

atropine, ipratropium

115
Q

Major Metabolic disturbances in PKA: _______ (4)

A

Hyperglycemia, Acidosis, Potassium Derangements, Dehydration

116
Q

Membranes are more permeable to ____ than any other ion

A

K+

117
Q

Mutations in ______ have been linked to various progeria syndromes

A

Lamins

118
Q

Myelin increases the _______ and decreases the _______, which both increase the _______

A

membrane resistance; membrane capacitance; length constant

119
Q

Nernst Equation: _______

A

E = 60/z*log(CO/CI)

120
Q

Normal [HCO3-] in blood

A

24mM

121
Q

Normal Blood pH _____ (arterial)

A

7.34-7.44

122
Q

Normal Blood pH _____ (venousl)

A

7.28-7.42

123
Q

Normal pCO2 in blood

A

40 mm Hg

124
Q

Normally the mitochondrial membrane is guarded by anti-apoptotic factors ______

A

Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL

125
Q

PC, sphingomyelin, glycolipids are common to the _______ leaflet.

A

extracellular

126
Q

Protein related to caspase-8 that competes with capsase-8 for binding to FADD; produced in Herpes viruses such as Kaposi’s Sarcoma)

A

FLIP

127
Q

PS, PI, and PE (all negatively charged) are common to the _______ leaflet

A

intracellular

128
Q

Ran Binding Protein separates _______ from Ran___

A

importin; GTP

129
Q

RanGDP binds to _______, which returns RanGDP to the nucleus

A

Nuclear Transport Factor NUTF2

130
Q

Rb is ____phosphorylated in non-proliferating cells at __ or __ in the cell cycle

A

hypo; G0; G1

131
Q

Rb is ____phosphorylated in rapidly proliferating cells at __ or __ in the cell cycle

A

hyper; S; G2

132
Q

Reflection coefficient of 0 means _______.

A

complete permeability

133
Q

Reflection coefficient of 1 means _______.

A

no permeability

134
Q

Small endocytic vesicles that form without coat proteins

A

Caveolae

135
Q

Specific and potent inhibitor of CYP 17

A

Abireterone

136
Q

SREBP binds to _______ (SREBP _______), which binds cholesterol

A

SCAP; Cleavage Activating Protein

137
Q

The membrane potential lies closest to the equilibrium potential of _____

A

K+

138
Q

The mitochondrial membrane is made permeable to _______, which activates _____, which activates _____, which activates Caspase-3

A

Cytochrome C; Apaf 1; Caspase-9

139
Q

total concentration of solute particles

A

osmolarity

140
Q

Transport vesicle remains attached to membrane until pinched off by ______

A

Dynamin

141
Q

Unlike _______, in _______, hits can be on different genes

A

Retinoblastoma; Li-Fraumeni

142
Q

V-erb-B codes for a protein similar in structure to cell surface receptor for _______.

A

epidermal growth factor

143
Q

VHL is a protein that is involved in complex with _______, which targets proteins for ubiquitination

A

HIFα and HIFβ

144
Q

What pathology is characterized by ataxia, spasticity, paretic, foot drop, sensory deficit, fatigue?

A

Multiple Sclerosis

145
Q

What pathology is characterized by formation of cystic and highly vascularized tumors in many organs?

A

Von-Hippel Lindau

146
Q

What pathology is characterized by immune response against myelin in axons innervating muscles?

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

147
Q

What pathology is characterized by polyuria, polydipsia, weight loss, rapid deep breathing, and nausea/vomiting?

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

148
Q

What pathology is characterized by voluminous watery feces, vomiting, and severe and rapid deydration?

A

Cholera

149
Q

When cholesterol is _______, Insig is released from _______

A

low; SCAP

150
Q

When Rb is _____phosphorylated, it cannot repress entry of cells into the S phase.

A

hyper

Molecules to Medicine (5 decks)

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