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Molecules to Medicine > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

_______ are cellular GTPases involved in mitochondrial fusion.

A

Mfn, OPA1

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2
Q

_______ are cellular GTPases involved in mitochondrial fission.

A

Fis1, Drp

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3
Q

_______ is a CFTR potentiator for G551D or gating mutation

A

Ivacaftor

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4
Q

_______ are cellular junctions that function in mechanical strength, resisting shearing forces, and promoting structural organization of epithelial sheet

A

Desomosomes

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5
Q

_______ are interlocking proteins with transmembrane domains in tight junctions

A

claudins and occludins

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6
Q

_______ are transmembrane proteins with extracellular domains that interact with each other and intracellular tails that bind adaptors and actin filaments in adherence junctions.

A

Cadherins

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7
Q

_______ are transmembrane proteins with extracellular domains that interact with each other and intracellular tails that bind adaptors and intermediate filaments in desmosomes.

A

Cadherins

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8
Q

_______ cells divide and their offspring fuse with myocytes to create cells that are even more nucleated

A

Satellite

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9
Q

_______ cilia: non-motile, variations of primary cilia to house sensory systems (taste, touch) that communicate with the CNS

A

Sensory

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10
Q

_______ cilia: organize and promote signal transduction systems that control epithelial cell division, fate, and function

A

Primary

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11
Q

_______ cilia: wave to move mucous and molecules along passageways (tend to be found in respiratory tract and oviduct)

A

Motile

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12
Q

_______ has a tyrosine kinase function that activates the Ras pathway

A

EGFR

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13
Q

_______ in the t-tubule membrane induces _______ in the SR membranes to release Caclium ions into each myofibril

A

DHPR; RyR

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14
Q

_______ muscle cells do not have gap junctions.

A

Skeletal

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15
Q

_______ promote bonw deposition; _______ promote bone resorption

A

osteoblasts; osteoclasts

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16
Q

_______ promotes calcium uptake (bone formation)

A

calcitonin

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17
Q

_______ stimulates calcium liberation (bone resorption)

A

Parathyroid hormone

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18
Q

ATP is transported out of the mitochondria via _______

A

ATP/ADP antiporters

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19
Q

Dense CT: _______ collagen fibrils that are abundant compared to ground substance

A

thick

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20
Q

In _______ muscle, Ca2+ entry from the t-tubule system is required for activation of Ca2+ release channels in the SR.

A

cardiac

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21
Q

In _______ muscle, the cells are small enough that the Calcium can diffuse from the plasma membrane relatively easy, such that the t-tubule system is not required.

A

smooth

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22
Q

In apoptosis, _______ are involved in permeabilization of the outer mitochondrial membrane to _______

A

Bak/Bax; cytochrome c

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23
Q

Integrins of _______ interact with actin filaments

A

focal adhesions

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24
Q

Integrins of _______ interact with intermediate filaments

A

hemidesmosomes

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25
Q

Loose CT: _______ collagen fibrils that are relatively sparse, arranged in _______ lattices

A

thin; irregular

26
Q

Skeletal muscle is graded by _______ and _______

A

Action Potential Frequency; Motor Unit Recruitment

27
Q

What are appropriate monoclonal antibody treatments for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations?

A

Cetuximab, Necitumumab

28
Q

What are appropriate TKI treatments for Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations?

A

Erlotinib, Gefitinib, Afatinib

29
Q

What are relatively unspecialized cells that can give rise to smooth muscle during vessel growth and wound healing?

A

Pericytes

30
Q

What is a complex of proteins in the t-tubule membrane that undergoes a conformational change during depolarization?

A

dihydropurine receptor (DHPR)

31
Q

What is a large protein that associates with actin thin filaments to organize them?

A

Nebulin

32
Q

What is an enormous protein that links myosin thick filaments to the Z line?

A

Titin

33
Q

What is secreted by muscles as negative feedback for muscle growth?

A

Myostatin

34
Q

What is the treatment for malignant hyperthermia?

A

Dantrolene Sodium

35
Q

What middle vascular layer may be comprised of multiple layers of elastic laminae, smooth muscle cells or collagen?

A

Tunica Media

36
Q

What pathology involvesc onstant contraction at a high rate that generates a lot of heat and metabolism very quickly?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

37
Q

What pathology is caused by BBS proteins involved in a protein complex required for vesicular transport within the cilium?

A

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

38
Q

What pathology is caused by environmental exposure to anesthesia (typically inhalation agents such as halothane or succinylcholine)?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

39
Q

What pathology is caused by fibrocystin mutations?

A

Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease

40
Q

What pathology is caused by hypertrophy of cadiac monoctyes?

A

Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

41
Q

What pathology is caused by large deletion (frameshift) in dystrophin?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

42
Q

What pathology is caused by mutation in RyR1 (70% of cases)?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

43
Q

What pathology is caused by polycystin 1 and polycystin 2 mutations?

A

Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

44
Q

What pathology is caused by smaller in-frame deletions in dystrophin?

A

Becker Muscular Dystrophy

45
Q

What pathology is characterized by abnormal gait with toe-walking, Gower’s sign, calf pseudoypertrophy, high creatinine kinase, mild intellectual disability, wheelchair bound in early teenage years, death in 20s, cardiomyopathy in 100% by age 18, minimal reproductive fitness?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

46
Q

What pathology is characterized by abnormal increase in uncalcified osteoid that interferes with mineralization?

A

Osteomalacia Rickets

47
Q

What pathology is characterized by asymptomatic generally with sudden death in a small minority of patients?

A

Familial Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

48
Q

What pathology is characterized by defect in resorption/formation coupling such that there is a net loss of bone?

A

osteoporosis

49
Q

What pathology is characterized by hypermetabolism, skeletal muscle damage, hyperthermia?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

50
Q

What pathology is characterized by muscle rigidity (especially masseter spasm), increased carbon dioxide production, rhabdomyolysis (muscle cell breakdown), hyperthermia, and non-specific symptoms?

A

Malignant Hyperthermia

51
Q

What pathology is characterized by photoreceptor degeneration, anosmia, mental retardation and developmental delays, neural tube defects, obesity, hypogonadism, kidney defects, polydactyly, diabetes, situs inversus?

A

Bardet-Biedl Syndrome

52
Q

What pathology is characterized by renal cysts, liver and pancreatic cysts, intracranial aneurysms?

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

53
Q

What pathology is treated by supportive, leg braces, surgical tendon releases, pulmonary therapy, corticosteroids, ambulatory assist devices, multidisciplinary care?

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

54
Q

What protein connects cortical actin beneath the plasma membrane and the plasma membrane surface?

A

Dystrophin

55
Q

What releases Ca2+ ions into the myofibril?

A

Ryanodine Receptor (RyR)

56
Q

What shunts blood from arterial circulation into venous circulation?

A

arteriovenous shunts

57
Q

What tissue is described as containing vasa vasorum (blood vessels) that supply oxygen and nutrients to artery wall layers?

A

Tunic Adventitia

58
Q

What tissue is described as the inner layer of the vessel and contains a layer of epithelial cells in intimate contact with blood?

A

Tunica Intima

59
Q

What vascular structure begins in a capillary bed and ends in a capillary bed (hepatic portal vein)?

A

Portal system

60
Q

What vascular structure connects arteries and veins and permits collateral circulation in tissues?

A

Anastomosis

61
Q

What vascular structure is a countercurrent arrangement between an artery and venous network (spermatic cord heat exchange)

A

pampiniform plexus

62
Q

What vascular structure supplies a section of tissue that cannot have alternate arterial supply?

A

End artery

Molecules to Medicine (5 decks)

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