Chapter 9

Question 0

Flashbulb memory

Answer 0

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

The persistence of learning over time through the storage and revival of information

Question 2

Encoding

Answer 2

The processing of information into memory system

Question 3

Storage

Answer 3

The retention of encoded information over time

Question 4

Retrieval

Answer 4

The process of getting Information out of memory stages

Question 5

Acoustic encoding

Answer 5

Listening, saying something out loud

Question 6

Visual encoding

Answer 6

Mental pictures, images

Question 7

Semantic encoding

Answer 7

Give meaning to the information

Question 8

Self-reference effect

Answer 8

Finding personal meaning

Question 9

Automatic processing

Answer 9

Some information is unconsciously encoded, incidental information since as time, space, and frequency of well learned info

Question 10

Effortful processing

Answer 10

Some information requires attention and conscious effort

Question 11

Rehearsal

Answer 11

The conscious repetition of information either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage

Question 12

Spacing effect

Answer 12

The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

Question 13

Serial position effect

Answer 13

The tendency to recall best the last and first items on a list

Question 14

Ebbinghaus retention curve

Answer 14

As reversal increases, relearning time decreases

Question 15

Imagery

Answer 15

Mental pictures

Question 16

Rosy retrospection

Answer 16

People recall events more positively that they evaluated them at the time they occured

Question 17

Mnemonic devices

Answer 17

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 18

Chunking

Answer 18

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units, often occurs automatically

Question 19

Hierarchies

Answer 19

When information is broken down into a few broad concepts, then divided into lesser concepts, categories, and facts

Question 20

The method of loci

Answer 20

A memory aid in which a person Imagines themselves moving though familiar location and associates the location with a topic that needs to be remembered

Question 21

Sensory memory

Answer 21

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Question 22

Short term memory

Answer 22

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

Question 23

Long term memory

Answer 23

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Question 24

Working memory

Answer 24

a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

Question 25

Iconic memory

Answer 25

Visual sensory memory that that’s a for 1-2 seconds

Question 26

Echoic memory

Answer 26

Auditory sensory memory that lasts 3-4 memory

Question 27

George miller

Answer 27

Said that seven items are remembered in the short term memory

Question 28

Long term potentiation (ltp)

Answer 28

an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Question 29

Amnesia

Answer 29

The loss of memory

Question 30

Implicit memory

Answer 30

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called procedural memory

Question 31

Explicit memory

Answer 31

a memory of facts and experiences that once can consciously know and “declare.” (Also called declarative memory).

Question 32

Hippocampus

Answer 32

a neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.

Question 33

Cerebellum

Answer 33

the brain region extending out from the rear of the brainstem, plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning.

Question 34

Recall

Answer 34

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Question 35

Recognition

Answer 35

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Question 36

Relearning

Answer 36

a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Question 37

Priming

Answer 37

the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Ask a friend two rapid-fire questions: (a) How do you pronounce the word spelled by the letters s-h-o-p? (b) What do you do when you come to a green light? If your friend answers “stop” to the second question, you have demonstrated priming

Question 38

Deja vu

Answer 38

that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before.” Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

Question 39

Mood congruent memory

Answer 39

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Question 40

Ebbinghaus

Answer 40

learned more lists of nonsense syllables and measured how much he retained when relearning each list, from 20 minutes to 30 days later. His famous forgetting curve indicates that much of what we learn we may indeed quickly forget

Question 41

Proactive interference

Answer 41

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

Question 42

Retroactive interference

Answer 42

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

Question 43

Repression

Answer 43

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Question 44

Misinformation effect

Answer 44

incorporating misleading information into one’s memory of an event.

Question 45

Source Amnesia

Answer 45

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Question 46

Freud

Answer 46

Repression, psychoanalytic theory

Question 47

Loftus

Answer 47

Famous psychologist known specifically for her work with memory

Question 48

Repression

Answer 48

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
(Freud)