3.1 Flashcards
(30 cards)
Medieval scientists/ Natural philosophers
- It was appropriate to study the world because it was God’s handiwork
- Limitations: 1. strict theological framework 2. unquestioning reliance on few ancient authorities
- Liked Logic analysis instead of systematic / method analysis
- Liked Aristotle, Galen, Ptolemy in Latin
Renaissance humanists
- Mastered Greek and made more works available
- Able to see that unquestioned authorities of MA had been contradicted by other thinkers
- because they wanted to see who is correct, they created new works
Renaissance artists
- Because they wanted to imitate nature, they relied on close observation
- Scientific study of problems of perspective and correct anatomical proportions led to new insights
- Called on to be practicing mathematicians
Technological Innovations
- Technical problems and more books dedicated to technology stimulate scientific avidity and embracing belief that innovation in techniques was necessary.
- but this was difficult to do because middle popel liked practical instead of academic learning
- Then new inventions made scientific discover possible and had more theoretical knowledge
- Printing press helped spread ideas quickly
Mathematics during the Renaissance
- In Rneaissace, Mathematicus was still seen as the key to understanding the nature of things
- Because of rediscovery of works in Renaissance (16th and 17th) and Plato, mathematics was promoted
- Mathematics was seen as promoting a degree of certainty that was otherwise impossible
Hermetic magic
- Became fused with alchemical thought
- Believed humans could use mathematical magic to understand and dominate the world of nature or employ the powers of nature for beneficial purposes
- People associated with revolution in cosmology interested in Hermetic ideas
additional origin to the scentitic revolution
work of intellectuals
Ptolemy and Aristotle
- Later Middle Ages: Ptolemy and Christian theology were emphasized
- Geocentric conception
- New search to determine precise paths of heavenly bodies
Ptolemy and Aristotle
New search to determine precise paths of heavenly bodies
- Because observations did not correspond to their expectations , they developed elaborate system of devices
- Epicycles: concentric spheres within spheres that could corresond to their observations and aritotles idea of circular planetary movement
Geocentric conception
- concentric spheres are fixed on the motionless earth
- Earth is made up of material substance and motionless
- spheres are made of crystalline, transparent substances
- Heavenly Bodies are perfect kind of motion and move around the earth
- 10 spheres
- Empyrean Heaven is the location of God and saved souls and beyond the tenth sphere
- Ptolemaic universe had boundaries
- God and saved souls are at one end and human are at the center and are to achieve salvation
Copernicus
- Book: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
- Polish
- His ideas were based on logic, not direct observation
- Thought Ptolemy’s geocentric system was too complicated
- Was conservative
- The church attacked his ideas
copernicus’s ideas were conservative because
- Did not reject Aristotle principle of heavenly spheres moving in circular orbitals
- Made a system more simply but still complicated
- Thought the motion of planets was steady and unchanging
copernicus’s ideas were attacked by the church because
- threatened Scripture
- heavens no longer a spiritual world but a world of matter
- humans are not at the center
- God was not a specific place
Change from Earth-centered to Sun-centered
- Created uncertainty about human role in universe and God’s location
- Protestant Reformers attacked these ideas, but Catholic Church kept its mouth shut until galieo and others like copernius’s ideas
Brahe
- Danish
- Uraniborg Castle: library, observatories, instruments he designed
- Made observations of stars and planets that led him to reject Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system and Copernicus’s suggestion that earth moved
Kepler
- Continued Brahe work of recording movement of known planets
- Interested in Hermetic mathnical magic
- Three laws of motion
kepler’s beliefs
- the universe was construed on basis of geometric figures
- there is a relationship between the planets and the soul
Three Laws of Planetary motion:
- confirmed Copernicus’s heliocentric theory and modified it
- Eliminate idea of uniform circular motion and crystalline spheres revolving in circular orbits
- # 1: The planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits and the sun is at the center
- # 2: Planets move more rapidly as their orbits approach sun
- # 3: The time a planet takes to orbit the sun varies proportionately with its distance from the sun (larger orbits = slower average velocity than those with smaller orbits)
Galileo
- used the telescope
- Book #1: The Starry Messenger
- In Rome he was praised and seen as a conquering hero
-made contributions to the problem of motion
Galileo’s discoveries with the telescope
-created his own Flemish lens grinder that magnified objects seen at a distance
-Made the discovery that the universe is made of material substance similar to that of the earth but not a perfect or unchanging substance
-discoveries provided support for heliocentric view
Because he said he was a support of 1. Copernicus’s heliocentric system in The Starry Messenger and 2. Roman Inquisition condemned Copernicium, they ordered him to saw that copernicus was not a fact but a mathematical supposition
-Book #2: Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican
-During his second time at the Inquisition because of Dialogue, he was under house arrest
-His condemnation by Inquisition caused Italian leadership in science to go to northern countries
-made contributions to the problem of motion
the effect of Galileo’s book: the starry Messenger
did more to make europeans aware of the new picture of the universe than mathematical theories of copernius and kepler
Galileo’s book: Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems: Ptolemaic and Copernican
- written in Italian which made it more widely available to public
- took form of dialogue among Simplicio, Sagredo and Salviati
- seen as a defense of Copernican system
galileo’s contributions to the problem of motion
- showed that if force was applied to an object it would move at an accelerated speed
- his principle of inertia stated that a body in motion continues in motion forever unless deflected by an external force
Aristotelian Conception
-Dominated in late medieval world
When an object has force applied on it, it moves at a constant rate
-this raised a problem in projectile thrown out of a cannon and Copernican system which caused people asked what constant force kept heavy earth and other planets in motion
