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A2 BIOLOGY > 3.1/3 ATP and respiration > Flashcards

3.1/3 ATP and respiration Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

what is ATP

A

a phosphorylated nucleotide

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2
Q

what features does mitochondria have

A

inter membrane space
outer mitochondrial membrane
inner mitochondrial membrane
matrix
cristae
ring of DNA
70s ribosome

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3
Q

what is the purpose of glycoloysis

A

to break down glucose, as it won’t go into mitochondria.

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4
Q

role o glycolysis

A

to break glucose into smaller molecules to carry on the rest of respiration to make ATP

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5
Q

what does phosphorylated mean

A

adding a phosphate

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6
Q

what does glycolysis start with

A

glucose

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7
Q

what happens to glucose in glycolysis

A

glucose is phophorylated, an ATP is added and hydrolysed
glucose goes into hexose phosphate

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8
Q

what does hexose phosphate go to

A

an ATP is added and goes to hexose diphosphate

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9
Q

what happens to hexose diphosphate

A

it is unstable so dissociates into 2x triose phosphate

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10
Q

what is NAD

A

a co-enzyme used with dehydrogenase enzymes

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11
Q

what happens to 2x triose phosphate

A

oxidation/dehydrogenation reaction
triose phosphate is oxidised by NAD
NAD goes to NADreduced

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12
Q

what happens between 2x triose phosphate and 2x glycerate 3 phosphate

A

2 ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation

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13
Q

what happens to glycerate 3 phosphate

A

2x pyruvate
and another 2 ATP are made by substrate level phosphorylation

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14
Q

how many ATP are used per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

2

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15
Q

how many ATP are made per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

4

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16
Q

net ATP per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

2

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17
Q

NAD reduced
per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

2

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18
Q

FAD reduced
per glucose
(glycolysis)

A

0

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19
Q

CO2 produced
(glycolysis)

A

0

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20
Q

how many times does the link reaction happen per glucose

A

twice

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21
Q

where does glycolysis happen

A

in the cytoplasm

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22
Q

where does the link reaction happen

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

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23
Q

what happens to pyruvate in the link reaction

A

it is oxidised
CO2 is removed and co-enzyme A is added
NAD goes to NAD reduced

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24
Q

how many carbons in the following:
glucose
hexose phosphate
hexose diphosphate
2x triose phosphate
2x glycerine 3 phosphate
2x pyruvate

A

6
6
6
2 x 3c
2x3c
2x 3c

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25
how many carbons in the following: pyruvate acetyl co-enzyme A
3c 2c
26
per glucose link reaction ATP used ATP made Net ATP NAD reduced CO2 produced
0 0 0 2 0 2
27
purpose of the Krebs cycle
to reduce NAD
28
where does the Krebs cycle happen
mitochondrial matrix
29
what goes into the Krebs cycle and what happens
acetyl CoA goes into the Krebs cycle and joins to the 4c to make a 6c. the CoA is regenerated
30
6c to 5c
decarboxylation reaction (CO2 removed) 6c is oxidised, oxidation reaction NAD to NAD reduced
31
5c to 4c
decarboxylation reaction (CO2 out) 5c is oxidised NAD to NAD reduced
32
4c (1) to 4c (2)
oxidation reaction FAD to FAD reduced
33
4c (2) to 4c (3)
oxidation reaction NAD to NAD reduced
34
where does the electrons transport chain occur
on the inner membrane of the mitochondria
35
what increases the surface area in the inner membranes
infoldings called Cristae
36
what are in the ETC
electron carriers and proton pumps within the inner membrane and ATP synthetase enzyme
37
what happens in the ETC
electrons pass through a series of electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane by REDOX reactions which produces energy
38
explain oxidative phosphorylation
reduced NAD and FAD are reoxidesided. the NAD and FAD return to glycolysis, links and Krebs they donate 2H and splits into 2 electrons and 2 protons
39
in the ETC what happens to the and hydrogen ions eventually
40
what are electrons mopped up by?
oxygen- called the final electron acceptor
41
what is the energy from the ETC used for
used to actively transport H+ from the matrix to the inter-membrane space. this creates an electrochemical gradient
42
what can an electrochemical gradient also be known as
pH gradient/ proton gradient
43
explain what happens to the H+ ions after the electrochemical gradient
the H+ pass through the protein channel to return into the matrix by diffusion (down the concentration gradient) this is called chemiosmosis
44
how is ATP produced
as the H+ pass through the protein channel, they rotate the enzyme ATP synthetase (attached to a stalked particle) this catalysed ADP+Pi goes to ATP H+ mopped up by o2
45
fully explain oxidative phosphorylation
1. reduced NAD becomes oxidised, splits into a proton and electron 2. electrons fuel the protons pumps 3. energy allows the proteins to pump protons from matrix to inter-membrane space (electrochemical gradient) 4. reduced FAD oxidised splitting into a proton and electron 5. protons then diffuse back across the inner membrane from the inter-membrane space to the matrix (down concentration gradient) via ATP synthetase 6. as the reduced NAD fuels three pumps, 3 molecules of ATP are generated 7. reduced FAD fuels 2 pumps, 2 ATP made 8. oxygen= final electron acceptor and combines with the electrons and protons to from water. helps maintain concentration gradient
46
what's the importance of oxygen as the final electron acceptor
helps to maintain the concentration gradient
47
how many ATP's are made in glycolysis by: - substrate level phosphorylation -reduced NAD -reduced FAD
2 6 (2x3) 0
48
how many ATP's are made in the link reaction -substrate level phosphorylation - reduced NAD -reduced FAD
-0 -6 (2x3) -0
49
how many ATP are made in Krebs -sub-level phosphorylation -reduced NAD - reduced FAD
- 2 - 18 (6x3) - 4
50
how many ATP's are made in total
38 altogether
51
function of the loop of DNA found within the mitochondrion
- so they can self replicate - so that it can code for making enzymes
52
where does anaerobic respiration happen
cytoplasm
53
explain anaerobic respiration in animals
glycolysis happens then 2x pyruvate undergoes oxidation reaction 2x reduced NAD to 2NAD into lactate (lactic acid)
54
explain anaerobic respiration in yeast and plants
glycolysis 2x pyruvate has a decarboxylation reaction, CO2 leaves into 2 ethanol reduced NAD to NAD into 2 ethanol
55
what needs to be done before respiration can happen with non-carbohydrates
molecules must be hydrolysed by the cell lipids are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol proteins are broken down into amino acids
56
when are other molecules used instead of glucose in respiration
respiration of lipids is carried out when there's no glucose protein is only used in cases of extreme shortage of other substrates
57
explain respiration of lipids
the glycerol part of the lipid has 3c. it's phosphorylated using ATP and enter the chain as a triose phosphate molecule. fatty acid broken into 2c acetyl fragments can go in and be picked up by Coenzyme A and go on to enter the Krebs cycle
58
how many ATP molecules are produced from the single glycerol molecule and each acetyl fragments
18 12
59
why is fat a useful energy storage molecule in animals and plants
level potential ATP production is much higher with lipids for a molecule of glucose
60
what's a possible issue with the respiration of lipids
huge oxygen demand it requires. the large numbers of turns of grebes for each fatty acid produce an even larger number of reduced hydrogen acceptors which in turn require an equally large number of oxygen molecules to re-oxidise them. (difficult)
61
explain respiration of proteins
amino acid enters at various points within the Krebs cycle
62
problems of respiring amino acids
we need the amino acids to make our own polypeptide, protein, hormones, muscles etc. so we don't want to be wasting them on respiration
63
explain why ATP is described as the universal energy currency
it is used in all cells in all metabolic reactions
64
advantages of ATP for its function as a source of energy
- only needs one enzyme to release energy - released in small amounts (30.6) efficient, not wasted -it's soluble can move around the cell
65
explain why the two hydrogen acceptors NAD and FAD lead to the production of different numbers of ATP molecules
because NAD can fuel three proton pumps, FAD can only fuel two proton pumps ETC for NAD has more electron carriers than FAD
66
similarities of NAD and FAD
both contain a 5 carbon sugar both have a two phosphate group both contain two nitrogenous bases dinucleotide
67
differences of NAD and FAD
-FAD only contains one ring of sugar and NAD contains 2 - FAD has a 3 ring base and NAD has a 2 ring base

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