3.1 Flashcards
What is situational context
made up of farms
Semantic field/domain
a short summary of the text such as “cricket”
Keep it very short and sweet
Audience and participants
can be the interlocutors (speakers) or authors.
Primary is direct listeners/readers of the text
secondary is indirect audiences e.g reading a note directed to someone else
Relationship and roles
How the participants are related, and their relationships between participants and the primary and secondary audiences.
E.g parental role, teacher and student, etc.
Spoken Mode
Immediate CUISINE (spoken features)
Immediate: happening quick, now
Close: physical closeness
Unplanned: how planned the text is
Interactional: participants interact
Spoken: production of phonemes using human vocal cords
Informal: register
Non-standard: less likely to abide by standard language
Ephemeral: no record of what’s being said
Written mode
Delayed: I.e time stamps Distant: physically apart Planned: not spontaneous Transactional: not interacting Written: Formal: register Standard: more likely to use standard language Permanent: has records
Cultural context
Refers to views, values, and beliefs of the broader society around the participants
- made up of audience, roles, mode, and settings
- expectations that people have to do with the main context
Language reducing register
NCISHULN
-spontaneous Voice hesitations False starts - non standard language Creates ambiguity - communication errors Initiated or non initiated self repair shows spontaneity - intimacy; use of emotion Shows intimacy - use of ellipsis Creates ambiguity, lack of clarity lowers register - humour Vocal effect of laughter indicates that humour was shown, thus showing emotion, reducing register. - linguistic innovation Conversion from common noun to adjective shows creative word formation thus reducing register (fetch) - non linear structure Lack of chronological ordering
Function
Why the text exists- PICIRCLER
Can have primary and many secondaries
Phatic: to build social rapport
Investigate: to find info
Ceremonial: perform the ceremony of
Identity:strengthen identity (jargon, exclamatives)
Referential: exchange inflows about something
Connotative: to persuade
Ludic: discuss with humorous manner
Expressive: to express emotions regarding something
Transactional: to communicate to audience (declarative sentences)
Social purpose informal
Describes what participants are attempting to do socially BSPERM
Must be backed up with social context
Building or maintaining rapport (interrogatives, humour, inclusive language)
Supporting in-group membership
Promoting linguistic innovation (unlikely)
Encouraging intimacy, solidarity, and equality
Reduce social distance (common)
Maintaining and challenging positive and negative face needs
Politeness theory
Refers to how people can show respect to other people, and also how people can not respect others. Includes positive face needs and negative face needs
Positive face needs
Describes how an individual is ants to be acknowledged, and to be included (dog)
Meet positive face needs by - using their name - complimenting them - asking for advice Threaten positive face needs by - pronoun ‘you’ instead of name - expletives such as ‘fuck off’ or ‘dumbass’ - exclusionary language or slurs
Negative face needs
Describes how an individual wants to be free to do whatever they want (cat)
Meet negative face needs by
- apologising
- manners (words like please, thank you)
- justified request (do this because of this)
- high rising terminal at the end of declaratives with an interrogative functions
Threaten negatives face needs
- use of imperatives
- Modal verbs such as must or will
- correcting someone
Discourse strategies showing spontaneity
VVFFORP
- voice hesitation (sounds used to fill silence I.e um, uh, err)
- vocal effects (sound being made I.e laughter, crying, yawn)
- False start (often signalled by truncations)
- fillers (discourse particles that fill pauses and compromised if full or multiple words I.e I really, I meant, like)
- pauses (reflect spontaneity and can create tensions awkwardness, and suspense)
- overlapping speech (when two or more speakers talk at the same time, can show power struggle)
- repairs (four different types)
Discourse Strategies which assist in cooperative communication
POPHABIE
- prosodic features (VTIPS, I: hrt show uncertainty and seeking reassurance from audience ‘up talking’
- openings and closings (how you open and close a text)
- paralinguistic features (physical emotions/features)
- hedges (discourse particle that softens the blow. Used when saying something offensive or something you aren’t certain about)
- adjacency pairs (lines that go together such as question and answer)
- back channeling and minimal response (involves short responses to a dominant speaker)
- interrogatives tags (clarification, tiny interrogatives at the end of sentence ‘blah blah, hasn’t it?’)
- ellipsis (when word or words have been taken out. Aka economy of expression saying less to keep convo going)
