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3.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phonological patterning

A 
RACORA
Rhyme
Assonance
Consonance 
Onomatopoeia 
Rhythm
Alliteration
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2
Q

Phonological patterning: rhyme

A

Perfect rhyme in combined use of assonance and consonance, assonance before consonance. Has the linguistic function to create humour, make a phrase more memorable, and to contribute to an entertaining function of a text.

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3
Q

Phonological patterning: assonance

A

The repetition of vowel phonemes across two or multiple words, must appear in middle of the word or the end.
- rich bitch (assonance of ‘i’ monophthongs)

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4
Q

Phonological patterning: consonance

A

Repetition of consonant phonemes, must appear in middle of the word or the end.
- odds and ends (consonance of ‘ds’ consonant cluster

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5
Q

Phonological patterning: onomatopoeia

A

Singular or set of words the represents sound, and provides extra information therefore providing clarity through description. Can be linked to spontaneity is describing a word you cannot think of.

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6
Q

Phonological patterning: rhythm

A

When intonation of a set of words is repeated across two or more phrases/clauses/sentences. Used to create engagement I.e poems and can be seen in spoken English when interlocutors are listing

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7
Q

Phonological patterning: alliteration

A

Appearance of similar phonemes at the beginning of words in a phrase/clause or sentence. Context dependant but usually emphasises a particular idea by making it more memorable.

  • dunking donuts
  • bed bath & beyond
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8
Q

Syntactic patterning

A

PAL
Parallelism
Antithesis
Listing

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9
Q

Syntactic patterning: parallelism

A

When two or more clauses follow the same syntactic structure, which can contribute to the rhythm of a text. Used to make something more memorable/catchy, or to emphasise a point
- get into my pyjamas, sit down on the couch, and eat up some chocolatey goodness. (Noun phrase in each)

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10
Q

Syntactic patterning: antithesis

A

Type of parallelism with two clauses, each of which have something that opposes the other. Places emphasis in the relationship between two ideas
- it was the best of times; it was the worst of times. (Best and worst)

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11
Q

Syntactic patterning: listing

A

Umbrella term for antithesis and parallelism. ‘Power of three’ refers to a list of the three elements, and is the strongest kind of list as if it was shorter there isn’t enough emphasis/Reason, and longer it loses effect.

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12
Q

Semantic patterning

A 
MAILPOPS
Metaphor
Animation
Irony
Lexical ambiguity
Personification 
Oxymoron
Pun
Simile
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13
Q

Semantic patterning: metaphor

A

Metaphor is figurative language that creates VIVID IMAGERY that is a direct description. Creates ambiguity thus reducing clarity, and a product of linguistic innovation

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14
Q

Semantic patterning: animation

A

A form of figurative language where an inanimate object or an abstract idea has bee given some sort of movement
- the school burst into life

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15
Q

Semantic patterning: irony

A

Language the expresses inconsistencies between what might be expected and what actually happens. Verbal irony is when someone intentionally says something that is meant to be understood differently to what they actually said (I.e sarcasm). Used for humour, strengthening the relationship of participants who understand the irony. Can be used for critique.

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16
Q

Semantic patterning: Lexical ambiguity

A

When a single word which has two or more possible meanings (homophones) are used in an utterance. Used to manipulate an audience, or for humour

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17
Q

Semantic patterning: Pun

A

Any type of play on words, that often uses homonyms (words with the same sound and spelling but different meanings) and homophones (words with same sound but different spelling and meaning) used for humour

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18
Q

Semantic patterning: oxymoron

A

Where two contradictory words have been put together, which encourages thought from the audience.
- deafening silence.

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19
Q

Semantic patterning: personification

A

A form of figurative language where objects have been described with human qualities.
- the dog spoke

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20
Q

Semantic patterning: simile

A

Simile is figurative language that create VIVID IMAGERY that is a comparison. Linked to linguistic innovation. Providing greater description thus aiding clarity
- She is as white as a sheet

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21
Q

Morphological patterning

A 
6C ABBAS DIN
conversion
Creative word formation 
Contraction
Compounding
Collocation
Commonisation
Archaism
Blend
Borrowing
Acronym
Shortening
Diminutive 
Initialism 
Neologism
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22
Q

Morphological patterning: conversion

A 
When a word has been used as a different word class to what it was in the past, without the addition of an affix. Only comment in this if it is blatantly obvious, then describe its effect in relation to the overall function of the text such as social purpose or roles
- did you seriously ScoMo your homework (proper noun to verb)

Must know: nominalisation

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23
Q

Morphological patterning: conversion (nominalisation)

A

Process of verb or adjective becoming a noun. Increases lexical density due to greater prevalence of content words, therefore increasing register.
- we analysed to the analysis

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24
Q

Morphological patterning: creative word formation

A

Used to describe every other type of morphological patterning. Best used in cases that underwent a weird process such as acronym and blend.
- CoViD 19

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25
Q

Morphological patterning: contraction

A

Two words out together with an apostrophe. Very boring, only comment on it if it’s a random one in a text, showing ambiguity and therefore decreasing register.

  • I’ll
  • I’d
  • y’all
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26
Q

Morphological patterning: compounding

A

Two free morphemes put together which may or may not include a hyphen

  • bedroom
  • baseball
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27
Q

Morphological patterning: Collocation

A

When two or more words have been out together, whereby they usually occur

  • crystal clear
  • take a photo
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28
Q

Morphological patterning: commonisation

A

A proper noun being used as a common noun

  • texta for all markers
  • Tupperware for all containers
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29
Q

Morphological patterning: Archaism

A

A word that is no longer used in regular discourse. Context specific.

  • girt
  • woe
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30
Q

Morphological patterning: borrowing

A

A lexeme That has been taken from another language. Can be used to increase register if it is Latin or French

  • pardon
  • Tullamarine
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31
Q

Morphological patterning: blend

A

Two or more words being put together where letters have been deleted from one or all free morphemes

  • smog (smoke and fog)
  • spork (spoon and fork)
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32
Q

Morphological patterning: acronym

A

Type of abbreviation where you say the whole word as a word

  • NASA
  • FIFA
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33
Q

Morphological patterning: shortening

A

When a free morphemes gets shorter by deletion of a syllable or part of a lexeme

  • uni
  • fridge
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34
Q

Morphological patterning: diminutive

A

A process of shortening and suffixation. The suffix must be a vowel phoneme (monophthongs or diphthongs)

  • arvo
  • ciggie
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35
Q

Morphological patterning: initialism

A

A word where a speaker must say each initial to be understood
- RACV

36
Q

Morphological patterning: neologism

A

New words added to the dictionary (newly coined word)

37
Q

Cohesion

A 
RLSLICER
Referencing
Medical choices
Substitution 
Linking adverbs and conjunctions
Information flow
Collocation
Ellipsis
Repetition
  • quality of a text where there are links within it, and links between text and context
38
Q

Cohesion: referencing

A

Where you use a word to refer to something before or after a particular noun phrase has been used. Noun phrase is called the referent

  • anaphoric
    When the referent has already been mentioned in a text
  • cataphoric
    When the referent is yet to be mentioned get in the text
  • deictic
    Element that changes in meaning depending on context: put THAT over THERE
39
Q

Cohesion: lexical choices

A

Can be referred to as sense relations.
- hyponymy
General link between words in a text. Can state that the field is a hypernym and the lexical choices that support it are hyponyms (types of hypernym NOT parts)
- synonymy
Describes relationship between words that reflect same denotative meaning: humorous, funny
- antonymy
Describes relationship between words that reflect different denotative meaning (don’t have to be next to each other in a text)

40
Q

Cohesion: substitution

A

Replacing a noun phrase with a single word, or with a pronoun: Hayden-> He
I don’t think SO

41
Q

Cohesion: linking adverbs and conjunctions

A

Useful for making links in texts, and links clauses together

  • conjunctions that are additive
  • conjunctions that show similarities
  • conjunctions that show an order of events
  • conjunctions that show reasons means, or conditions
  • words like ‘firstly’ and linking adverbs
42
Q

Cohesion: information flow

A
  • Front focus
    Putting prominence in information at the beginning of the sentence/new information at beginning: on Thursday, Dylan picked his nose
  • end focus
    When new information is given at the end of a sentence: Dylan picked his nose on Thursday
  • it-cleft
    When it is used as a dummy subject, and the subject following it gains prominence: it was Paul who killed Peter cook
  • pseudo-cleft
    Places prominence on the end of the sentence, often begins with wh words: what killed Paul cook was Paul’s slap
43
Q

Cohesion: ellipsis

A

Use of ellipsis demonstrates economy of expression. Shows the link between previously stated information and where the ellipsis has taken place, thus aiding cohesion

44
Q

Cohesion: repetition

A

Demonstrates a link between ideas within a text, including lexical patterning and syntactic repetition (parallelism and antithesis).
- don’t discuss in ac unless desperate

45
Q

Coherence

A 
Quality of being understandable, refers to semantic connections that exist within a text to make it meaningful 
CLIF-C
Consistency and conventions
Logical ordering
Inference
Formatting
Cohesion
46
Q

Coherence: consistency and conventions

A

Consistency refers to consistent use of register, ton, style of writing, formatting, and conventions being used in a predictable matter.
- is features do not appear illogical or disrupt information flow:

Recipe:
Ingredients
Measurement noun. (Fragment)
Measurement noun. (Fragment)

Conventions refers to what is culturally expected for that specific text type, which is very similar to logical ordering.
- easier for participants to understand:
Recipe being ordered heading, ingredients, methods

47
Q

Coherence: logical ordering

A

A reasonable or sensible way of sequencing elements. For instance, you tell a story in chronological order
- TEEL

48
Q

Coherence: inference

A

Readers ability to make connections between what was said/written, and what was meant
- “shall we go to the beach today” infers that it is probably simmer or a hot day

49
Q

Coherence: formatting

A

How a text is set out, making it easier for the reader to comprehend (can link to function)

  • headings and subheadings
  • font
  • table, columns, rows
  • images, logos
50
Q

Cohesion: collocation

A

Words that usually co-occur demonstrates a link between how particular lexemes form a Lexical bundle in the text, this aiding cohesion

51
Q

Discourse strategies for spoken texts

A

BTT
Back channeling (min response)
Turn taking
Topic management

52
Q

Spoken Discourse strategies: back channeling (minimal response)

A

Where minimal responses are provided as feedback to another participant for a variety of different purposes:

  • maintain positive and negative face needs by showing interest and not imposing
  • indicate content for the other person to continue talking however you have nothing to add
  • indicate impatience or boredom about the current topic, subtly telling them to shut up
53
Q

Spoken discourse strategies: then taking: floor

A

Taking the floor: when you want to speak

  • paralinguistic: raiding/waving hand; opening mouth to talk
  • discourse particles: “so…” “wait…”
  • pause fillers: “unmmm, I have a question.”
  • episodic features: loud volume, fast tempo

Holding the floor: when you’re speaking and want to continue speaking

  • pause fillers: “uh” “um” “hmmmm”
  • simple lexical patterning: “now I know, I know”
  • HRT when listing: I have pasta/ and eggs/ and bacon/
  • linking adverbs, conjunctions, elongated vowel sounds

Passing/relinquishing the floor: when you want to stop talking

  • interrogatives: “what do you think?” “Yeah?”
  • discourse particles: “it shouldn’t be, so yeah”
  • falling intonations “this is preposterous\”
54
Q

Spoken discourse strategies: turn taking: cooperative communication

A 
can refer to floor control when analysing turn taking 
Turn length
- how long is a turn?
- why is it that long?
- can be link to situational context

Turn frequency

  • how often do speakers take the floor?
  • why are they given/taking it so much?

Turn transition

  • is there overlap?
  • is there a power struggle?
55
Q

Spoken discourse strategies: topic management

A

The way participants decide what to talk about or write about. Use contextual details

  • topic initiation
  • topic development
  • topic change
  • topic loop
  • topic shift
  • topic avoidance
56
Q

Topic management: initiation

A

How does a speak signal beginning of a new topic

  • interrogatives: “how is the weather today?”
  • discourse particles: “Now, lets…”
  • long pauses: awkward silence may cause someone to start talking
57
Q

Topic management: development

A

How do participants discuss the topic

  • interrogatives: elicit further information about the topic from other participants
  • adjacency pairs: both participants assisting in topic development (often q&a)
  • declaratives: used to state information, therefore developing topics
58
Q

Topic management: change

A

How does a participant QUICKLY change topic

  • usually happens due to awkwardness, unfamiliarity, boredom, or a sensitive/taboo topic
  • discuss roles and relationship
59
Q

Topic management: loop

A

How does a participant return to a previously discussed topic

  • discourse particles: “as I was saying”
  • discuss who, how, and why
60
Q

Topic management: avoidance

A

Participants who lead topic changes, loops, and shifts may be avoiding a particular topic. Common with religion, politics, medial issues, or financial issues
- discuss who, why, and how

61
Q

Voice

A

How words are ordered in particular sentences
The verb: action in the sentence
The agent: person or thing doing the verb
The patient: person of thing that is directly affected by the verb

  • passive voice
  • active voice
62
Q

Passive voice

A

add an impersonal tone, which increases formality.
- subject=patient
- object=agent
IF THE SENTENCE ENDS IN ‘BY______’ THEN JT IS A PASSIVE SENTENCE
- “My cupcake was stolen by zombies”

63
Q

Agentless passive

A

Where there is a passive with no agent.
Commonly used in formal texts, when a person is trying to omit details of the situation, which is called obfuscation.
AT THE END OF AN AGENTLESS PASSIVE, YIU CAN ADD ‘BY ZOMBIES’ AND IT WILL MAKE SENSE
- my cupcake was stolen

64
Q

Active voice

A

Very common and add a personalised tone, which decreases formality.
- subject=agent
- object=patient
“Zombies stole my cupcake”

65
Q

Features that increase formality

A
  • planned and scripted
  • standard language
  • greater clarity
  • less ambiguity
  • more cohesive
  • more coherent
  • greater lexical density
  • greater syntactic complexity
  • use of passive voice
66
Q

Features that increase formality: planned and scripted

A 
Discourse:
- cooperative turn taking
- cohesive and coherent
- highly structured 
- formal openings+closings 
Syntax:
- complex sentences
- compound sentences 
- power of three list
- parallelism
- antithesis 
Morphology:
- nominalisation 
Lexicology:
- elevates Lexus
- jargon
- Latin and French borrowings 
Semantics:
- metaphor
- simile
- animation
- personification
- pun
Phonology:
- rhyme
- alliteration
- consonance
- assonance 
- Rhythm
67
Q

Features that increase formality: standard language use

A

NOTE: standard Lexus IS when a word is well known and used often

Syntax:
- use of sentence type that isn’t fragment
Morphology:
- incorrect and bound morpheme added to root   morpheme (unpossible)
- word formation processes 
Lexicology:
- standard Lexus
Phonology:
- mispronounced words
68
Q

Features that increase formality: greater clarity; less ambiguity

A 
Discourse:
- topic development
- cooperative turn taking
- coherence
- highly structured discourse
Syntax:
- controlled use of coordination and subordination to provide extra information 
- clefting
Lexicology:
- standard Lexis (easier to understand)
Semantics:
- simile (if providing greater description)
- personification (makes it easier for humans to
Understand actions)
69
Q

Features that increase formality: lexical density

A

The comparison of number of content words with functions words
- something more lexical dense contains less functions words and more content words. Increases the formality as it’s easier to access.
- nominalisation increases lexical density
(Verb/adjective->noun)

70
Q

Features that increase formality: syntactic complexity

A

How complexity is used to describe how sophisticated syntax is.
Subordination and coordination increase syntactic complexity if it is controlled.
Gives extra information thus aiding clarity

71
Q

Formal social purposes

A
  • maintaining and challenging positive and negative face needs
  • reinforcing or creating social distance and authority
  • establishing expertise
  • clarifying, manipulation; or obfuscating
  • promoting social harmony, negotiating social taboos, and building rapport
72
Q

Formal social purposes: reinforcing or creating social distance and authority

A

You want to keep your distance

- you don’t want to become friendly with the audience (May be serving an authoritative role)

73
Q

Formal social purposes: building rapport

A

You want to be trustworthy for your audience

74
Q

Formal social purposes: establishing expertise

A

You are demonstrating yourexpert skills in a particular field. Want people to understand that you know your shit
- very common, through jargon use

75
Q

Formal social purposes: promoting social harmony and negotiating social taboos

A

To want your audience to be peacefully harmonious, attempting to avoid social discourse (avoiding conflict)
- May include discourse about sex, religion, murder, or anything society disapproves

76
Q

Formal social purposes:

Clarifying

A

You want to provide extra clarity on a topic and want people to understand the topic more clearly
- trying to reduce ambiguity

77
Q

Formal social purposes: manipulating

A

You are trying to skillfully persuade, control, or influence people

78
Q

Formal social purposes: obfuscating

A

Communicating in a confusing way
- purposely trying to be misleading to confuse the audience (trying to cover something up)
Through use it agentless passives and maybe simple sentences

79
Q

Formal lexis

A
  • elevates lexis
  • French and Alton borrowings
  • archaisms
  • euphemisms
  • nominalisation
  • jargon
80
Q

Formal lexis: nominalisation

A

Where you usually nominalise a verb into a noun/ often due to suffixation
- increases lexical density

Deliver to delivery
Organise to organisation
Educate to education

81
Q

Formal lexis: Euphemism

A

Used to describe something unpleasant to reduce offence, therefore meeting negative face needs.
Often used to negotiate social taboos
- to entertain
- to show solidarity
- to talk up and inflate (grammatical euphemism I.e our oranges are sweeter)

82
Q

Formal lexis: euphemism: quotes

A

“Shield is against what’s embarrassing, what’s feared, what’s disliked, what’s unwelcome”

“Obscenity lies in the actual words themselves, not in what they refer to”

“Taboo areas perpetually generate this narrowing of meaning but also deterioration”

83
Q

Formal lexis: archaisms

A

Out of fashion words, whereby they are used in a particular context
- usually found in traditional context
Exerting ones expertise
May be used to obfuscate or manipulate the audience

84
Q

Formal lexis: French borrowing rules

A
  • longer words (2+ syllables) ending in ‘ee’
  • longer words (2+ syllables) ending in ‘et’
  • longer words (2+ syllables) ending in ‘age’
  • words ending in ‘ette’
  • words ending in ‘Re’
  • words containing ‘ois’ or ‘oir’
  • words with ‘que’ pronounced /k/
  • words beginning with ‘sur’
  • words with silent last consonant (coup)
85
Q

Formal lexis: elevated lexis

A

Go-to word if you aren’t confident in your metalanguage, but makes it obvious you don’t know your shit

86
Q

Formal lexis: jargon

A

Specialist vocabulary that pertains to a particular occupation or hobby
- can be phrase, words, etc.
Used to assert expertise in a particular field
May be to reinforce authority or gain trust

87
Q

Purpose of modal verbs

A

Can: indicates someone’s ability

Will: indicates intention of doing something or indicates certainty that something will occur

Must: indicates obligation

Might: indicates possibility

May: indicates permission or possibility

Need: indicates obligation

Ought: indicates advice

Shall indicates some sort of declaration

Should: indicates a persons opinions

Could: indicates possibility

eng lang (4 decks)

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