3.1 biological molecules

Question 1

Describe the chemical reactions involved in the conversion of polymers to monomers and monomers to polymers.

Answer 1

polymers to monomers= hydrolysis breaking a chemical bond
monomers to polymers= condensation forming a chemical bond

Question 2

Give two named examples of polymers and their associated monomers to

Answer 2

DNA= nucleotide
amino acid= proteins
starch, glucose, cellulose= glucose

Question 2

what is a monomer

Answer 2

small units from which polymers are made

Question 3

what is a polymer

Answer 3

repeating units of monomers

Question 4

A biochemical test for reducing sugar produces a negative result with
raffinose solution.
Describe a biochemical test to show that raffinose solution contains a non-reducing sugar.

Answer 4

boil with acid. cool and add alkali to neutralise. heat with benedicts solution. turns from blue to orange/red if positive.

Question 5

what are the 3 monosaccharides

Answer 5

glucose galactose and fructose

Question 6

what are the three disaccharides

Answer 6

maltose, sucrose and lactose

Question 7

what are the three polysaccharides

Answer 7

starch, cellulose and glycogen

Question 8

what bonds are present in disaccharides?

Answer 8

glycosidic

Question 9

what two monosaccharides form maltose

Answer 9

two alpha glucose

Question 10

what two monosaccharides form sucrose

Answer 10

fructose and glucose

Question 11

what two monosaccharides form lactose

Answer 11

galactose and glucose .

Question 12

what are polysaccharides

Answer 12

condensation reaction between many glucose monomers

Question 13

what monomer is present in starch and glycogen

Answer 13

alpha glucose

Question 14

what monomer is present in cellulose

Answer 14

beta glucose

Question 15

what are the bonds in amylose

Answer 15

1-4

Question 16

what are the bonds in amylopectin

Answer 16

1-4 and 1-6

Question 17

what are the bonds in cellulose

Answer 17

1-4

Question 18

what are the bonds in glycogen

Answer 18

1-4 and 1-4

Question 19

what is the function of starch

Answer 19

store of glucose

Question 20

what is the function of cellulose

Answer 20

strength and support

Question 21

what is the function of glycogen

Answer 21

store of glucose

Question 22

what is the structure of amylose

Answer 22

unbranched helix, coiled

Question 23

what is the structure of amylopectin

Answer 23

branches

Question 24

what is the structure of cellulose

Answer 24

straight chains held by hydrogen bonds

Question 25

what is the structure of glycogen

Answer 25

many branches

Question 26

how does amylose structure link to function

Answer 26

coils help for more storage as its compact

Question 27

how does amylopectin structure link to its function

Answer 27

branches so larger surface area so enzymes can reach bonds for rapid hydrolysis

Question 28

how does cellulose structure link to function

Answer 28

hydrogen bonds provide strength and structure, fibrils

Question 29

how does glycogen structure link to its function

Answer 29

branches so larger surface area so enzymes can reach bonds for rapid hydrolysis

Question 30

what is a triglyceride

Answer 30

non polar, hydrophobic containing a glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Question 31

describe the structure of glycerol

Answer 31

3 carbon molecules with 3 alcohol groups

Question 32

describe the structure of a fatty acid

Answer 32

carboxyl group connected to a hydrocarbon chain connected to a methyl/R group

Question 33

what does saturated mean

Answer 33

no double bonds

Question 34

what does unsaturated mean

Answer 34

double bonds

Question 35

how are triglycerides formed

Answer 35

the hydroxyl (OH) on the glycerol bonds with the carboxyl group on the fatty acid tail which forms an ester bond.

Question 36

what is the function of a triglyceride

Answer 36

energy source. many c-h bonds which release energy during respiration using ATP

Question 37

what is a phospholipid

Answer 37

glycerol, two fatty acids and a phosphate head

Question 38

what is the function of a phospholipid

Answer 38

cell membrane bilayer, hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail

Question 39

describe the structure of a nucleotide

Answer 39

phosphate head, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base.

Question 40

what is a polynucleotide

Answer 40

polymer of nucleotides joined by a condensation reaction between phosphate and sugar to form a phosphodiester

Question 41

describe the structure of DNA

Answer 41

polynucleotide, nucleotides joined by condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds. base pairs joined by hydrogen bonds. double helix. nucleotide= phosphate group, sugar, base

Question 42

describe the process of semi conservative DNA replication

Answer 42

1. hydrogen bonds are broke by DNA helicase. 2. each strand acts as a template 3. free DNA nucleotides join up to exposed bases by complimentary base pairing. A-T C-G 4. DNA polymerase joins DNA nucleotides by a condensation reaction to form phosphodiester bonds

Question 43

describe the structure of RNA

Answer 43

polynucleotide, short. ribose, uracil, single helix