3.1 Development

Question 1

What is the birth rate?

Answer 1

The number of births per year per 1000 people

Question 2

What is the death rate?

Answer 2

The number of deaths per year per 1000 people.

Question 3

What is the Life expectancy?

Answer 3

The average age that a person is expected to live to.

Question 4

What is does people per doctor measure?

Answer 4

The average number of patients that each available doctor is responsible for.

Question 5

What is the Literacy rate?

Answer 5

The percentage of people which can read or write above the age of 15.

Question 6

What is the infant mortality rate?

Answer 6

The number of children who die before the age of 1 per 1000 live births.

Question 7

What is the GDP per capita?

Answer 7

The Gross Domestic Product is defined as the amount of money produced by the country’s goods and services, this number is then divided by the population.

Question 8

What is the GNP?

Answer 8

The Gross National Product is the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year including income earned through overseas investments.

Question 9

What is the HDI?

Answer 9

The Human Development Index is a score from 0-1 which incorporates life expectancy, literacy rate, and GDP per capita.

Question 10

What are simple and composite indicators?

Answer 10

Simple indicators only take one variable into account.

Composite indicators take multiple and is therefore more accurate.

Question 11

What are physical factors for development inequalities between countries?

Answer 11

• availability of natural resources: lots of resources provides jobs to extract them and allows industries in the secondary sector to prosper providing goods which can be sold.
• if countries are land locked, they are unable to trade using the cheaper and easier methods via the sea.
• extreme climates make farming difficult leading to food insecurity.
• mountainous areas are harder to travel across and build on.
• separation from trading partners makes it more expensive to trade goods.
• water supply.

Question 12

What are the economic factors for development inequalities between countries?

Answer 12

• open economies have developed faster than closed economies due to the trading opportunities.
• trade blocs like the EU and NAFTA remove tariffs and quotas.
• job sectors.

Question 13

What are the cultural factors for development inequalities between countries?

Answer 13

• reduction of workforce due to not allowing certain groups to work.
• this can also affect the social-population growth: a rapid population growth puts strain on services and resources preventing development.

Question 14

What are the political factors for development inequalities between countries?

Answer 14

• corrupt governments put their own self interests before that of the country. They may steal money. They make take unfavourable bribes. Their image can tarnish that of the country’s reducing international cooperation.
• civil unrest can lead to wars which redirect money away from development, destroy infrastructure, hinder services, and reduce the workforce.

Question 15

What are the factors for development inequalities within countries?

Answer 15

• urban areas generally attract more investment, leading to higher per capita incomes.
• intra-urban contrasts exist as people live in slums due to low education and residential segregation of sociology-economic statuses.
• areas closer to the sea have more trade opportunities and a less extreme climate.
• a less extreme climate allows better farming and a more hospitable environment.
• disadvantaged groups have limited social, economic, and political opportunities.
• formal vs informal job sectors.
• the link between education - family size - savings - debt.

Question 16

What is the primary sector?

Answer 16

The extraction of raw materials e.g. farming and mining.

Question 17

What is the secondary sector?

Answer 17

The making of something with the raw materials e.g. manufacturing products.

Question 18

What is the tertiary sector?

Answer 18

Providing a service e.g. teaching or nursing.

Question 19

What is the quaternary sector?

Answer 19

Involves creative or high tech industries e.g. advertiser or designer.

Question 20

What is the definition of globalisation?

Answer 20

The process whereby the world is becoming increasingly interdependent and interconnected economically, culturally, and politically.

Question 21

Which factors give rise to globalisations?

Answer 21

• decreasing barriers to world trade.
• increasing economic power of major trade blocs.
• improvements in transport and technology.
• increasing influence of large TNCs.
• rising levels of international migration.
• increased levels of outsourcing to lower income economies.
• new international division of labour: divides production into skills and tasks often spread in a number of countries.
• growing influence of global brands.
• highest ever levels of international tourism and trade.
• opening of economies in China and India.
• internet usage - 2.4 billion.
• increasing cultural diversity.
• capitalism is now virtually unchallenged as the global model for economic development.
• advancements in technology increases the rate of diffusion of ideas.

Question 22

What are the global impacts of globalisation?

Answer 22

• global brands and TNCs have more power.
• the emergence of an increasing number of NICs.
• development of a hierarchy of global cities.
• the increasing complexity of the world economy.
• the emergence of powerful trade blocs.
• the emergence of English as the working language of the ‘global village’.
• environmental degradation caused by increasing economic activity.

Question 23

What are the national impacts of globalisation?

Answer 23

• concerns about loss of sovereignty to regional and international organisations.
• increased cultural diversity from international migration.
• higher levels of incoming and outgoing international tourism.
• TNCs employing an increasing share of the workforce.
• increasing incidences of trans-boundary pollution.
• the growth of antiglobalisation movements as people worry about how important decisions are made.
• TNCs avoid paying taxes in some countries.

Question 24

What are the local impacts of globalisation?

Answer 24

• small businesses close.
• closure of a TNC branch can cause high local unemployment.
• the populations of local communities have become multicultural.
• greater variety of international cuisine.
• families are now more likely to be spread over different countries due to increased international migration.
• lower cost of international travel in real terms.
• the development of ‘ethnic villages’ in large urban areas.