31 - Organic synthesis conversions.

Question 1

Alkane to Halogenoalkane?

Answer 1

Halogen
UV light
Free radical substitution.

Question 2

Alkane to Alkene?

Answer 2

Thermal cracking
High temperature and pressure

Question 3

Alkene to Alkane?

Answer 3

Hydrogen
Nickel catalyst
Heat
Hydrogenation

Question 4

Alkene to Alkyl hydrogensulfates?

Answer 4

H2SO4
Room temp
Electrophilic addition

Question 5

Halogenoalkane to Alkene?

Answer 5

KOH
Ethanoic
Heated under reflux
Elimination

Question 6

Alkene to Halogenoalkane?

Answer 6

Hydrogen halide or halogen
Room temp
Electrophilic addition

Question 7

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol?

Answer 7

NaOH or KOH
Heated reflux (lower temp)
Aqueous
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 8

Alcohol to Halogenoalkane?

Answer 8

HCl (room temp)
OR
HBr or HI (heated under reflux) + Conc. sulphuric acid
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 9

Halogenoalkane to Nitrile?

Answer 9

KCN
Ethanoic
Heated reflux
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 10

Halogenoalkane to Primary Amine?

Answer 10

NH3 (excess)
Heated under reflux
High pressure
Ethanoic
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 11

Halogenoalkane to Quaternary salt?

Answer 11

NH3 (not in excess)
Excess halogenoalkane
Ethanoic
Nucleophilic substitution

Question 12

Nitrile to Primary Amine?

Answer 12

Hydrogen
Nickel catalyst
High temperature and pressure
Hydrogenation

Question 13

Alkene to Alcohol?

Answer 13

H2O (steam)
H3PO4 catalyst on silica
High temperature and pressure
Electrophilic addition

Question 14

Alcohol to Alkene?

Answer 14

conc. H2SO4
Heated under reflux
Elimination

Question 15

Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde?

Answer 15

Acidified K2Cr2O7
Heated and distillation
Oxidation

Question 16

Secondary Alcohol to Ketone

Answer 16

Acidified K2Cr2O7
Heated reflux
Oxidation

Question 17

Aldehyde/ Ketone to Alcohol?

Answer 17

LiAlH4
Dry ether
Room temperature
Reduction

Question 18

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid?

Answer 18

Acidified K2Cr2O7
Heated reflux
Oxidation

Question 19

Aldehyde/ Ketone to Hydroxynitrile?

Answer 19

KCN + H2SO4
Room temp
Nucleophilic addition

Question 20

Primary alcohol to Carboxylic acid?

Answer 20

Acidified K2Cr2O7
Heated under reflux
Oxidation

Question 21

Carboxylic acid to Primary alcohol?

Answer 21

LiAlH4
Dry ether
Room temp
Reduction

Question 22

Ester to Carboxylic acid?

Answer 22

Hydrolysis (NaOH or H2SO4)
Heated under reflux
Hydrolysis.

Question 23

Carboxylic acid to Ester?

Answer 23

Alcohol + conc. H2SO4 catalyst
Heated under reflux
Esterification

Question 24

Acyl chloride/ Acid anhydride to Carboxylic acid?

Answer 24

H2O
Room temp
Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Question 25

Carboxylic acid to Acyl chloride?

Answer 25

PCl5 Anhydrous Nucleophilic substitution

Question 26

Carboxylic acid to Acid anhydride?

Answer 26

Excess carboxylic acid Heated under reflux Condensation

Question 27

Acyl chloride/ Acid anhydride to Ester?

Answer 27

Alcohol Room temp Nucleophilic addition-elimination

Question 28

Acyl chloride/ Acid anhydride to Primary Amide?

Answer 28

NH3 Room temp Nucleophilic addition elimination

Question 29

Acyl chloride/ Acid anhydride to N-amine?

Answer 29

Amine Room temp Nucleophilic addition elimination

Question 30

Benzene to Nitrobenzene?

Answer 30

conc. H2SO4 + conc. HNO3 50 degrees Electrophilic substitution

Question 31

Benzene to Phenylketone?

Answer 31

Acyl chloride + AlCl3 catalyst Heated under reflux and anhydrous Friedel-Crafts acylation

Question 32

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine?

Answer 32

Tin + conc. HCl Heated under reflux Reduction

Question 33

Amine to Amide?

Answer 33

Acyl chloride/ acid anhydride Room temp Anhydrous Nucleophilic addition-elimination